Management: Innovation

Business is said to consist of four elements: Principles, Models, Rules and Behaviours, the first constrains the company scope, the third the procedures, both being static elements. The interplay (feedback) between changing models and behaviours however is what drives innovation – the exploration of adjacent new possibilities. This is a step at a time mode of innovation, yet rules actually prevent these improvements which, it is shown, derive largely from the staff breaking rules. After looking more closely at complexity concepts (see later), the importance of language and metaphor is considered, especially the need for free format communications (stories) between employees. The knowledge and ideas thus exchanged are considered far more valuable to the company, in the new thinking, than any time wasted. This leads on to applications of the co-evolution metaphor central to complexity thinking, stressing that the future is no longer predictable from the past. The importance of ideas in defining company possibilities, and the need for a high ratio of information (ideas) to infrastructure (events), brings us to the successful franchise system, said to be the current best model of CAS thinking in action. This highlights the importance of independent feedback between control levels in achieving adaptation, plus the superiority of information flow over infrastructure change. The ramifications of understanding and challenging our basic assumptions (including principles) in order to make the necessary paradigm shift cannot be stressed enough, otherwise we merely tinker with the parts. Anyway, these serve to illustrate the benefits of devolving power and decision making to individuals or groups in the company (who form purposeful agents in the CAS). The self-organization that then occurs allows the rule transcendence (going beyond routine) necessary to generate that flexibility crucial to success in a modern co-evolutionary environment. The point that such emergence takes time is well made, and highlights one possible problem in the management of such complexity based systems – impatience. Another problem is the ability of staff to adopt such lateral, divergent thinking (the creative basis of adjacent innovation), and this requires that the employees change their mindset also, to embrace and not abuse the new freedoms. This both necessitates and will drive a society wide change, following the same devolution of power – complexity thinking isn't a change just to company behaviour, but to overall lifestyle. Many of the concepts are presented in a guru style, as claimed ‘truths', without justification, and this lack of depth means that inadequate background is given to many of the complexity terms used (e.g. attractor, fractal, fitness), so much so that their true relevance could be missed by the intended business audience. For example, the important idea of crossover, the re-combination of old ideas in new ways to cause step jumps in performance, with stress being placed instead on mutation style evolution (a move to an adjacent point on the fitness landscape). Additionally the emphasis on breaking down barriers, and the resultant freedom and unpredictability, neglects the spontaneously appearance of new dynamic barriers (by self-organization effects), which can prevent the feared chaos dissolving the business. On a more detailed level, there is inadequate mention of the many computer programs using complexity techniques available (outside the Santa Fe environment), which could help businesses gradually introduce this style of thinking, targeting specific existing problems (e.g. using Genetic Algorithms, Neural Networks, Fuzzy Logic, Artificial Life and Cellular Automata techniques). Those seeking a more in depth knowledge of general complexity ideas should therefore look elsewhere, but considerable scope is still provided here for the remodelling of overall business structures, along the lines of the organic complexity paradigms recommended. It would have been nice to have seen simulations used to give quantitative comparisons between the new, complexity, assumptions and the old (in the style of Epstein & Axtell's ‘Growing Artificial Societies'). It is not specific enough however, in my opinion, to convince old style managers to alter their ways. The implications that they must give up power, status and possibly reward for unpredictable ‘cognitive' gains is unlikely to appeal to closed minds, unless a suitable ‘bottom-line' accountant focus is given, emphasising a point that the book itself makes – that new thinking must be phrased in terms of the old concepts to make an impact. It is suggested that there are different types of patterns found in the organizational structure of a group. The patterns are referred to as paradigms. Closed Paradigm The structure is a traditional hierarchy of authority (similar to a CC team). This kind of team is good at creating software that is similar to its previous experience and it is less likely to be imaginative. Random Paradigm The team is not strictly centered and depends upon the members of team to be responsible for their tasks. When innovation or technological breakthrough is required, teams following the random paradigm will excel. Unfortunately, this type of team will not always excel if everything is completely organized. Open Paradigm The open paradigm is a combination of the closed and random paradigms. It structures the team so that there is control of tasks similar to the closed paradigm and has the attempts at innovation found in a random paradigm. Work is performed collaboratively with heavy communication and consensus-based decision making. This type of team structure is appropriate for teams that must deal with complex problems. Unfortunately, it may not be well suited for many people. Synchronous Paradigm This depends on the modularity of the entire project that is being solved. The problem can be broken down into smaller parts where team members work on a section independently. There is not much communication required among members. Such patterns, when changed to another pattern, can be called paradigm shifts, and form the underlying structure for talking about the future. They are pervasive and would be included in the driving forces as well as scenarios. They are the â€Å"unwritten rules† of how the emerging society might function.).   

Educational Technology Essay

Educational technology is defined as the study which involves ethical practices that aid in learning process as well as performance improvement by the use of technology. Technology is usually created and managed when one is using. The term also involves the theories of instructions and learning. Instructional theory embodies the systems and all processes that aid in learning. It also embodies other systems that are used in the development of the capabilities that humans have. The definition of educational technology defines the tools that are used to advance the learning of a student. Education technology has other braches and one of them is instructional technology that is defined as the practice and theory of designing, developing, managing and evaluating resources that are used in learning. It is considered to be part of education technology because it covers its aspects. It is said to be a growing field of study that uses technology to solve the problems that keep on occurring in the learning environment. It is not popular because it has faced resistance from administrators as they argue that technology is not good in class environment. (Elaine Wilson 2005, p 360) Since it offers solutions to the educational problems analysts say that it is important to use it. The main aim of instructional technology is to remove instructions from humans. Analysts continue to say that education needs humans to intervene at one point or the other. There are many instructors that are in the market and their work is to develop materials that facilitate long distant learning for students around the world. They develop e-learning tools with the help of experts in the field. In this context technology refers to the materials that humans use in the process of learning or systems as well as the techniques and organization methods that are used. The modern materials that are in use today include projectors, calculators and portable computers. There are very many people that use the method as a form of learning and most of them are teachers and learners. The use of educational technology can be considered as applied science. The reason why it is so is because technology is a science. According to research, an educational technologist is one who can change education that is basic and prove that that very education is science applied in the process of learning and issuing instructions. The history of educational technology is not very clear but according to Alison Pickard 2005 p. 178, Several decades have passed and the evidence of education technology tools has not transformed the learning that takes place in the classrooms. It also has no positive influence on the people that use the method as a way of learning. Another factor is that the history of education technology has evolved very fast and the facts about its history are not clear. There are three schools that are believed to provide the theoretical framework for educational technology. They are cognitivism, constructivism and behaviorism. Each of the schools is present but what has changed is the evolution of the literature that is used today. Behaviorism is a framework that was used with animals to carry out experiments of learning because the animals are said to imitate humans. This type of theory has lost favor but is still used today. There are contributions that it brought to the development of education technology. One is the fact that programmed instruction has been developed. The behavior of humans change because of the environment the learning takes place. Cognitivism is what has brought changes of perception to the learning of today. Since learning has undergone changes many educators view learning differently. This type of theory focuses on the explanation of how the brain promotes learning. It was brought about by human brain but since it has undergone evolution new models of cognitivism have been developed. These new models are said to have contributed much to the development of computer based education technology. The subjects that this theory has made debatable are the areas of information processing and cognitive load. Constructivism is another theory that educators started to consider during the 1990s. The reason that led to this was because learners construct their own interpretation of new information that they receive and as they with one another. This kind of theory requires learners to use the knowledge that they have together with the experience that they have in order to adapt new learning skills. This theory has made sure that there are learning instructors in place and they guide others to generate knowledge of their own. The educators in this theory ensure that the experiences from learning are related to concepts that are usually taught. There are some benefits that are associated with educational technology. It is the instrument that has been used to take education to another level that it has never been before. This is because according to research education can be measured by the results that it produces. The outcome of the results has shown some improvement in the sector of education thanks to the technology that the system has embraced. There are specific benefits that the system offers. One is the ease at which the materials for the course can be accessed. Most courses have websites and instructions attached for easy access and use. This has made the work of the learners to be easy as they do not have to physically go to school to access information as they can do this at home. The materials that are used to study are also easily accessed. Another benefit is that those who use the system are motivated to learn. This is because the system is created in such a way that it provides feedback immediately and this is a form of correction to the mistakes the student might make in the course of learning. In addition the computer is patient and cannot make a judgment over the student. This is a source of motivation for the student. According to research that was carried out by Natasha M. Speer 2005, p. 380 those who use the system as a way of learning take less time to study a particular course and develop positive attitude towards the use of computers. Widening participation is also another factor that is considered beneficial. This is because the materials that are used for learning are accessible over a wide distance and hence encourages participation. Education technology improves the skills in writing of a student. This is because the system has tolls that help the student to edit the work that they have written and this in turn improves the writing skills. They can also be able to exchange information that is to be edited. Subjects have been made easy to learn with the software that has been developed. There has been an increase in the software that has been developed in order to make learning an easy process especially for teenagers and children. The software contains graphics and simulators that are attractive to look at and are appealing to the eye. Integration is also another benefit of education technology. This is brought about by the fact that technology integrates learners as they are guided by technology. (Maryl Gearhart 2004, p. 310) In conclusion, technology plays a big role in the education that takes place in the modern world today. The use of technology has made it easy for learning to take place and has increased its reliability. This is because the technology helps the students to develop new skills, ideas and solving problems that occur. Since it has become popular, it has also faced some criticism. Some say that this kind of learning does not provide physical interaction of the people that are involved in the process. Another thing is that the information that the system has depends on humans and they can make errors in the process of developing. Work cited Alison Pickard. The role of effective intervention in promoting the value of electronic information services in the learning process: Case studies in higher education. Performance Measurement and Metrics 2005, 6:3, 172-182 Elaine Wilson. Powerful pedagogical strategies in initial teacher education. Teachers and Teaching: Theory and Practice 2005, 11:4, 359-378 Natasha M. Speer. Issues of Methods and Theory in the Study of Mathematics Teachers’ Professed and Attributed Beliefs. Educational Studies in Mathematics 2005, 58:3, 361-391 Maryl Gearhart, Geoffrey Saxe. When Teachers Know What Students Know: Integrating Mathematics Assessment. Theory into Practice 2004, 43:4, 304-313

Social Performance of a Company, Part 2 Research Paper

Social Performance of a Company, Part 2 - Research Paper Example Thereby, my organization titled Tencel Corporation intends to put into effect a comprehensive and effective code of conduct that abides by the principles established by the United States Sentencing Commission (2012) guidelines chapter 8 section 8B2.1.with regards to an effectual compliance and ethics plan. Tencel Corporation operates in the communications services industry, our business activity is governed by the purpose of achieving our primary corporate objectives which are profit maximization and maintaining shareholder value. The achievement of the aforementioned corporate objectives however must be met by conforming to ethical guidelines and developing a successful decision-making process which takes into account the interests of both the shareholders and stakeholders of the company. For the purposes of designing the code of conduct for Tencel Corporation, the codes of conduct of three key companies within the communications services industry will be assessed, these companies i nclude AT&T, Verizon and CenturyLink. The code of conduct created by AT&T aligns the responsibilities of the members of the organization and expects all employees to obey to the guidelines that have been designed to promote the concept of integrity within the business environment (AT&T 2013). AT&T understands that its foremost commitment should be towards upholding honesty in all operations and activities of the organization which is the foundation of the implementation of AT&T’s code of conduct (AT&T 2013). According to Chapter 8 section 8B2.1. of the United States Sentencing Commission (2012) guidelines a company is expected to advance an organizational culture that is based on the promotion of ethical standards and obedience of governmental legislations and laws, however, the establishment of an organizational culture based on the aforementioned principles is not explicitly observable in the code of conduct developed by AT&T even though a significant portion of the ethical guidelines propagate the creation of an inclusive workplace environment (AT&T 2013). On the contrary, Verizon advocates the sustenance of an organizational culture based on integrity (Verizon) while at CenturyLink, the management intends to internalize and incorporate the ‘Unifying Principles’ of the company within each and every member of the CenturyLink team in order to establish an organizational culture which rests on the fundamentals on which the company was founded (CenturyLink). The code of conducts of all three organizations that were assessed for the purposes of this assessment maintain a non-retaliation policy and all of the properties of the companies such as the assets, intellectual property, reputation, brand name and research are protected by the placement of several measures that are explained in the code of conducts designed by Verizon and CenturyLink, however, AT&T’s policies with regards to the protection of its assets are not defined in a clea r manner. Practices related to employee placement, working conditions, diversity and health and safety regulations are also addressed (AT&T 2013; Verizon; CenturyLink). Bethoux et al. (2007) note that an analysis of the code of condu

Why Black Women Viewed As Being Too Outspoken Essay

Why Black Women Viewed As Being Too Outspoken - Essay Example The researcher states that women of black ethnicity they view almost every aspect of their lives as being dominated by the aspect of their being both of the female gender and the second being of black ethnicity This applies to most black women regardless of their feminist or non-feminist orientation or inclination. In addition, failure to use the approach tends to elicit strong and bitter sentiments in fuelling their outspokenness. This is in light of the having their most powerful tools abolished from use, thus appears as a form of discrimination against, which makes them more outspoken. In addition, black women are outspoken due to the history they share with the white women. This is due to the racism associated with the women’s movement, where they find a strong sense of obligation to speak out for the rights of women, while at the same time advocating for the rights of African-Americans as a whole. With this in mind, black women carry the cross for women concerning being t oo outspoken even on issues that would ordinarily draw out sentiments from other ethnicities. This is usually seen as an attempt by black women to take control of every situation and exploit it to their own advantage. In addition, black women are perceived to be outspoken due to their harsh reality in the life live, as well as the numerous stereotypes that face them. This is concerning their ability to adapt and fit into a given situation that may be too difficult for them. The attempt is a means to escape from the harsh reality of their lives. However, outspokenness in black women does not only fall into one category of verbal activities but also goes hand in hand with physical activities that they engage in. This is as seen in their ability to throw away all sense of self-worth, for some, in modern-day vices. Vices, in this case, refer to degrading situations as seen in hip-hop music videos, in which they dance half-naked. This reinforces their image of lewdness to the public eye by accepting to participate in such events.

Intercultural communication( this is the course I am studying, not the Assignment - 2

Intercultural communication( this is the course I am studying, not the topic) - Assignment Example One way to do it is to subsidize the foods in the canteen by giving employees food stamps and giving them free staple foods as part of their benefit like giving them a sack of rice or whatever their basic foods are. Response to classmate 1: This is a very sensible and heroic thing to do to instead spare the child from the danger of working in the street and instead take the danger to yourself. Then let the child work in the safe environment of the factory. But it would have been better if the two of you could work there because exposing yourself in an unsafe environment is very dangerous especially if the health center is far. Response to classmate 2: I agree with you to have a clinic rather than chose a street with potential violence but what if you have to make a choice and your choice is limited. Would you have your child work in the street

How has the social psychology of prejudice enhanced our understanding Essay - 1

How has the social psychology of prejudice enhanced our understanding of learning difficulties - Essay Example n of the fact that prejudice towards people with learning disabilities exits can help to eliminate the prejudice and discrimination towards people with learning disabilities to lifelong isolation and unemployment. Prejudice is gradually becoming unacceptable towards many other social groups, but it is not challenged enough in the case of people with a learning difficulties. These people are not visible members of their community; they exist in the community rather than living as part of it From this point of viÐ µw disÐ °blÐ µd pÐ µoplÐ µ Ð °rÐ µ forcÐ µd to livÐ µ in Ð ° sociÐ °l prison. WhilÐ µ no onÐ µ cÐ °n objÐ µct to cÐ °mpÐ °igning for ‘rights’ so thÐ °t thÐ µ prison in which wÐ µ livÐ µ is mÐ °dÐ µ morÐ µ humÐ °nÐ µ it is only Ð ° politicÐ °l buffoon who bÐ µliÐ µvÐ µs thÐ °t Ð µxploring prisonÐ µr Ð µxpÐ µriÐ µncÐ µs cÐ °n lÐ µÃ °d to Ð µmÐ °ncipÐ °tion! Nothing lÐ µss thÐ °n dismÐ °ntling thÐ µ prison Ð °nd rÐ µplÐ °cing it with Ð ° non-compÐ µtitivÐ µ form of sociÐ µty cÐ °n brÐ µÃ °kdown thÐ µ doors which bÐ °r our Ð µmÐ °ncipÐ °tion. I bÐ µliÐ µvÐ µ thÐ °t wÐ µ cÐ °nnot undÐ µrstÐ °nd or dÐ µÃ °l with disÐ °bility without dÐ µÃ °ling with thÐ µ Ð µssÐ µntiÐ °l nÐ °turÐ µ of sociÐ µty itsÐ µlf. To do this disÐ °blÐ µd pÐ µoplÐ µ must find wÐ °ys of Ð µngÐ °ging in thÐ µ clÐ °ss strugglÐ µ whÐ µrÐ µ thÐ µ historicÐ °l dirÐ µction of sociÐ µty is fought, won or lost. It is in this Ð °rÐ µnÐ ° thÐ °t thÐ µ boundÐ °riÐ µs of knowlÐ µdgÐ µ thÐ °t hÐ °vÐ µ put disÐ °blÐ µd pÐ µoplÐ µ Ð °sidÐ µ from thÐ µ ‘normÐ °l’ cÐ °n Ð °nd hÐ °vÐ µ to bÐ µ opÐ µnly quÐ µstionÐ µd. For mÐ µ rÐ µpossÐ µssing thÐ µ sociÐ °l modÐ µl of disÐ °bility mÐ µÃ °ns sÐ µÃ °rching for opÐ µnings in thÐ µ structurÐ µs of sociÐ µty whÐ µrÐ µ wÐ µ might Ð µffÐ µctivÐ µly contributÐ µ with othÐ µrs in thÐ µ rÐ µstructuring of sociÐ µty so thÐ °t it is nÐ µithÐ µr compÐ µtitivÐ µ nor disÐ °bling for Ð °ll pÐ µoplÐ µ. ThÐ µ SociÐ °l Modà  µl of DisÐ °bility wÐ °s dÐ µvisÐ µd by disÐ °blÐ µd pÐ µoplÐ µ, whosÐ µ Ð µxpÐ µriÐ µncÐ µ of thÐ µ hÐ µÃ °lth Ð °nd wÐ µlfÐ °rÐ µ systÐ µm, Ð °s wÐ µll Ð °s sociÐ µtys gÐ µnÐ µrÐ °l rÐ µÃ °ction to thÐ µm, mÐ °dÐ µ thÐ µm fÐ µÃ µl sociÐ °lly

Satelite Distribuidora de Petroleo Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Satelite Distribuidora de Petroleo - Case Study Example From the high-interest rate expenses, SAT may face liquidity problems and risks. This risk will make SAT lack sufficient funds to facilitate its ongoing operations The main drive towards investing is the desire to create value. Therefore, some of the financial issues that Darby would be concerned about are the future returns that this investment will earn it. In addition, it will be concerned about the initial investment cost and the shareholding. Besides, Darby will study the past financial performance of SAT through both trend and ratio analysis in order to make an informed decision. The legal issues to be considered revolve about the nature of the relationship being created with regard to the Brazilian Company Law. This will involve issues to do with the minimum shareholding and control, rights and duties of each party. Closely to this are the governance issues that Darby will have to consider. I order to ensure that its interests were taken care of, it could be concerned that it is represented by demanding key executive positions and board seats (Applegate and Minardi). Darby is likely to reap immensely big by investing in SAT. This will arise from the already proven track record, and milestone SAT has taken to be among the most reputable firms in this industry (Applegate and Minardi). This gives rise to goodwill, which further assures it of continued market expansion and customer loyalty. Its team of able and strategic-minded executives has been screening the market for new opportunities and has diversified SAT’s single commodity to a line of them. In itself, this presents, SAT as a unique investment opportunity. The continued growth and expansion will make the SAT’s stock to increase in price thereby maximizing Darby’s value in it. However, there are also costs and losses related to this investment. The major losses that Darby stands to face when it invests in SAT are associated with the financial risks. These

Research Methodology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Research Methodology - Assignment Example The ultimate goal is to bring the reader up to date with current literature on a topic and forms the basis for another goal, such as the justification for future research in the area. Therefore the encyclopedia argues that a good literature review is characterized by: a logical flow of ideas; current and relevant references with consistent, appropriate referencing style; proper use of terminology; and an unbiased and comprehensive view of the previous research on the topic. According to Cooper (Guide For Literature Reviewy,1988) "a literature review uses as its database reports of primary or original scholarship, and does not report new primary scholarship itself. The primary reports used in the literature may be verbal, but in the vast majority of cases reports are written documents. The types of scholarship may be empirical, theoretical, critical/analytic, or methodological in nature. Second a literature review seeks to describe summaries, evaluate, clarify and/or integrate the content of primary reports". Introduction: The common idea regarding my dissertation compilation is the collection of data, their comparative study, rationality of the forwarded arguments, and a broader analysis of the facts in empirical evidences via the scientific investigation. This Research Methodology also refers to the hypothetical assumptions that underlie a particular study in the area of respiratory care with a special reference to teenagers presented in APA style within generally acceptable epistemological views. The project work, apart from stylistic and evident aspects it would be methodologically diverse using exclusively qualitative methods. An attempt will seriously follow to match the methods and the approach in finding out the solutions while addressing the issues. Validity: In order to answer the research questions keeping the purpose of the study intact, a serious attempt has been designated for a methodical approach considering the validity of the derived information. Only up to date findings are under consideration that is relevant to current practices and are active in clinical decision making. All the findings in the intensive reading avoid every kind of plagiarism. History: Despite the fact there could be new guidelines there would be no chance of alteration of research groundings. My study will find out both medical approach and other value base prevention of asthma among the adolescents in managing the adherence. Adequate empirical evidences will be collected so that no conclusion any threat to the validity of their publication. Target Population: Being my proposed work a literature review it involves extensive reading to compare, collate and reach into solid conclusion. My project would be structured as the following step by step presentation while finding out facts of the adolescents that are victimized of asthmatic ailment from the minute reading of factual reports. Generalisability: The objective of my research would be to find out the situations that lead the sufferings and their possible remedies recommended by the experts in

Explain and Evaluate How Markets Create New Forms of Authority Essay

Explain and Evaluate How Markets Create New Forms of Authority - Essay Example Decentralization engulfs varied concepts that must be understood and controlled before setting any business programs, or projects. Therefore, the need for authority in this sense is to support reorganization of administrative, financial and service delivery within that business venture effectively (Taylor, 2010; p. 122). Notably, authority can be understood in the terms or application of the decentralization concepts since it refers to responsibility and authority for public functions, especially of the central government to quasi or subordinate independent government organization or private sectors (Smith & Sutherland, 1998; p. 319). How markets create new forms of authority is a complex multifaceted concept since it involves wide understanding varying from different characteristics, conditions for success, and policy implications. Numerous forms of authorities influence different markets; therefore, there is a rising need for markets to from authorities that makes them autonomous. However, most of these authorizes are influenced by other factors including political, fiscal, administrative, and other market authorizes that are pegged of different types of markets or market decentralizations (Smith & Sutherland, 1998; p. 219). Hence, there is a need to highlight concepts differentiating each form of authority as well as the need to coordinate these authorities. Moreover, different markets affect and apply to political, fiscal, and administrative authorities differently across different market domains and regions or countries. The demanding nature of the economy has made different market demands to reshape or reform the political authorities. The political authority often aims at giving the elected representatives immense power in public decision-making (Le?cuyer, 2002; p. 137). This form of authority is associated with representative government and pluralistic politics; however, it can lead to decentralization by giving the elected representatives, or citizens, more influence to the implementation of the national policies (Taylor, 2010; p. 122). Some of these policies used to determine what business and business performs were to engaging in business within what political domain. However, markets have so far changed and political policies are being redefined to accommodate or allow their citizens and government to engage in businesses within a large market domain. The political authorities have been forced to advocate for flexibility in their marketing and market policies; otherwise, they will remain powerful without powerful or reasonable economies to control (Ferguson, 1995; p. 173). Therefore, different markets have forced different political authorities to assume certain decisions that will all greater participation with more relevant and better-informed diverse interests of societies and other national or international authorities (Smith & Sutherland, 1998; p. 219). These reforms or concept implies that markets have forced or is curre ntly compelling the public or citizens to elect representatives with better political policies towards marketing and markets. The actions of any political authority require statutory or constitutional reforms towards developing pluralistic political policies that will be friendly to markets. Markets have led to administrative decentralization with the aim of distributing administrative authorities towards effective market management. It influenced the administrative decentralization to redistribute responsibility and financial resources authorities towards providing the public services with different levels of governances in order to understand market demands and requirement at

Take home exam for the class (economics of race and gender ) Essay

Take home exam for the class (economics of race and gender ) - Essay Example Let us take the case of the United States: Azimzadeh says â€Å"most Americans believe in a three-class model - the rich, the middle class, and the poor. America is a diverse society considering its culture, economy, politics and ideology which make different levels of wealth, income, education, occupation and social behavior. It is not easy sometimes to classify certain groups or people in a certain class. One approach which is more common is based on cultural and economic diversity of the people and defines more of them in middle class† (2008). In terms of economics, those belonging to the upper classes have very high living standards and occupy top positions in government or corporate organizations, the upper middle classes composed of highly-educated and well-paid professionals also maintain good living conditions while the lower middle classes made up of semi-professionals or ordinary workers have to cope up with meager resources. In a political scene marked by free enterprise, the upper classes have more privileges and benefits that those who belong to the lower middle classes. They are accorded more rights and are considered more influential and have easier access to opportunities, income and other rewards. There is the so-called economic model of time use wherein households rationally and efficiently allocate time, typically through specialization of one partner in paid work and the other in unpaid work. The first condition is human capital which explains that men have more experience and education than women and biological differences, since women are those that bear children and care for them. The second is, the person with more power will do lesser unpaid work because household labor is less likable than paid tasks. The third is that although the experience and education of women have gone up during the past thirty years, they are still less paid compared to men. The fourth condition is that

The Opening Two Chapters of the Lord of the Flies Essay Example for Free

The Opening Two Chapters of the Lord of the Flies Essay When William Golding introduce the three main characters of the first two chapters, they seem to be stuck on an unknown island with no adults to look after them. Ralph, Piggy and Jack are their names. Ralph is a fair-minded boy who is ready for action. He is very wise as he often comes up with good ideas. He is immature compared to Piggy. Piggy is more determined and eager. In chapter one, he is very eager to find any other living being on the island. When Jack comes into the story you find that he is very aggressive and quite competitant. He is not fair-minded the way Ralph is and he is eager to be a chief and take charge of things. Through the essay I will discuss the leadership qualities of the three characters and I will argue that none of the them are capable of being a good leader on their own, but if they were to work together then maybe they could reach some succession Ralph, who is one of the three main characters, is the first person to be introduced on the island. One of the positive leadership qualities of Ralph is that he is very confident. This was the voice of one who knew his own mind. To be a leader, confidence is very necessary because if you have to stand up infront of people, you wont feel ashamed or scared! Piggy does not seem as confident as Ralph as he tends to hesitate when speaking in large crowds. Piggy glanced nervously into hell and cradled the conch. Jack, like Ralph, is confident too. Ralph and Jack are the ones who normally speak up whereas Piggy is the one who sits and listens. Ralph being as wise as he is, comes up with good ideas. We ought to draw a map. As Ralph is chosen as leader instead of Jack, he always shares his ideas with the rest of the group. I think that a good leader should come up with good ideas, as this is how the group will come to success and actually get somewhere. So really a good leader should be a team player. Like Ralph, I dont think that Piggy and Jack are team players. Even though Piggy is friendly to others he is not really a team player because he does not mix in well with others because of his problems. I think that Jack is too dictatorial to be a good team player. By reading the first couple of chapters, I found out that Ralph is basically the popular one of the group. Ralph counted. Im chief then. He had the most hands up out of the group when they were electing chief. So this does mean that he is popular. If a leader does not have any popularity then no one would listen to them. As Ralph is elected leader he tries to be fair and democratic. He allows Jack to be leader of the hunters when he himself is chosen as leader. Although Ralph has got good physical features and good leadership qualities, you could see now that he might make a boxer, as far as width and heaviness of shoulders went, but there was a mildness about his mouth and eyes that proclaimed no devil, he also has some weaknesses. I think that Ralphs immaturity can get in the way of his leadership. He always wants to have fun and is hardly serious about anything. Whilst were waiting we can have a good time on this island. A leader should take things seriously to get things done right, and on time. But having said all this, if you put Ralphs immaturity and his seriousness together, they kind of balance. So strictly speaking, Ralph has a got a balanced personality. I think that Jack and Piggys personality is not balanced like Ralphs is. I think that maybe theyre more on the mature and serious side. After Ralph is introduced in the story as the boy with fair hair, Piggy comes into the story. He makes his entrance by calling to Ralph. Hi! it said, Wait a minute! This quote indicates that Piggy wants to get noticed by Ralph. This shows that Piggy likes to be noticed although in the story this does not happen many times. Unlike Ralph, Piggy is more determined and eager, so a leader should be because I think that determination is what mostly brings people to success. In the first chapter Piggy is very eager to find anyone else living on the island. He comes up with different ways in which to manipulate Ralph into helping him do so. I expect theres a lot more of us scattered about. When Piggy and Ralph find the conch, Piggy comes up with a very good idea to call the others. He told Ralph to blow in it. This is a sign that Piggy does have a good leadership quality: he can come up with good ideas, like Ralph. Piggy is also very kind and friendly. This is a very necessary quality. If a leader is not very friendly, like Jack, then nobody would like them and enjoy having them around. Let him have the conch! shouted Piggy. This is where Piggy allows the little boy to have the conch so he could speak. As we know by reading the first couple of chapters, Piggy is quite mature compared to Ralph. Like kids! he said scornfully. Acting like a crowd of kids! When Piggy says this, he tries to imply that the rest of the boys are acting like kids and he is the only mature one around. Piggy can also be calm about things and very sensible at times, these are the good leadership qualities that could make him a good leader. But besides all this, when you read chapter two, you learn that Piggy has got a very quick temper. This is a very negative leader ship quality to have. Piggy lost his temper. Also, Piggy can be sarcastic. Sarcasm does not sound very polite the way Piggy sometimes uses it. You got your small fire all right. And again it is quite a negative leadership quality to have. Besides all the leadership qualities necessary to be a leader, Piggy does not have very good physical features. A leader should be strong and practical and very healthy. Piggy is neither of them. He is more on the fat side. His asthma does not allow him to be as practical as he may want to be. I was the only boy in school what had asthma, said the fat boy. I think that when the other boys went to explore the island, they did not let Piggy come with them because they were afraid that he would slow them down. To conclude about Piggy, I dont think that with all the problems he has, he would make a good leader. When Jack comes into the story, he makes his entrance by marching in on the beach. This already shows that he is full of confidant, a good leadership quality. Although Jack is very aggressive and dictatorial, he could make a good leader. He owns his own choir and he orders them about with oomph and confidence. Choir! Stand still. A leader should be able to talk to the rest of the group with confidence, like Jack and Ralph do. Jack is also quite competitant. A leader should be because this way they could have a challenge with someone else and see what they are good at and what they need to be good at. I think that in a way, a leader should be dominant. Jack is very dominant. I think that this is a good leadership quality because if a leader can control his group then there is no point of them being there. A leader must be dominant and should control their group. Although Jack seems too aggressive, he can also be friendly, like Piggy. Jack grinned back. It seems that Jack can smile and does not always hold a posh look. He is also quite funny as he can make people laugh. Shut up fatty! You have to be able to make someone laugh because this means that if someone is feeling down, you could make him or her feel better by making him or her laugh. I dont think that Jack will be a very good leader if he is chosen as one because he has not got many good leadership qualities as it is. I think that the following words describe him best: Dictatorial, impulsive, aggressive and dominant, arrogant, cruel, envious and red headed. As I have now explained the positive and negative leadership qualities that each of the three main characters has, I have finally come to a conclusion. I have decided that none of the three characters, Ralph, Piggy and Jack could make a good leader on their own. I think that if they work together and not have an individual leader then maybe they could achieve some success and come up with good ideas together. If you put all their positive leadership qualities together then you come up with one ever so good leader. If I were to re-write the whole story again, I would put that all three of them are leaders together!

Study to evaluate the effectiveness of Self Instructional Module

Study to evaluate the effectiveness of Self Instructional Module A man too busy to take care of his health is like a mechanic too busy to take care of his tools. Seizure is a neurological disorder characterised by unprovoked electrical discharges that disrupt the nervous system and can cause abnormalities such as abnormal blood levels of calcium, magnesium, glucose which can trigger one or more seizure conditions that irritate the brain. (Christensen and Vestergaard, 2007) Most people with seizure lead outwardly normal lives. Approximately 80% can be aided by modern therapies, and some may take months or years between each seizure attack. However, this condition can affect daily life of people with seizure, their family and their friends. People with seizures who ignore treatment have, a shorter life expectancy and increased risk of cognitive impairment. People with seizure have an higher risk of poor self -esteem, depression and suicide tendency. These problems may by a reaction that may result in cruelty and avoidance by other people. (http\www.nih.gov) Based on the total projected population of India, the estimated number of people with seizure would be 5.5 million. Based on a single study on the incidence of seizure, the number of new cases of seizure in each year would be close to half a million (Epilepsy status 2009) .The average incidence rate was higher than many developed countries, but lower than the developing countries. (Shankar Saha, and Shyamal Das, 2008) Seizure becomes a medical emergency, when seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes or when a person has many seizures and does not wake up between them. Good healthy habits may help to control seizure such as good sleep habits, stress reduction, proper exercise, good nutrition, regular intake of medicine etc. (Rubin and Kornblau, 2009) NEED FOR THE STUDY Many people with seizure also live with ever present fear of getting another attack. The risk of seizure acts as a barrier for their independence; In USA people with seizure or other handicaps cannot be denied employment or access to many educational, recreational or other activities due to their seizure. However one survey in India showed that about 56% of people with seizure finish high school education and only 15% finish college education. These rates are found lower than those of the general population. These numbers indicate that some important barriers still exist for people with seizure. The risk of seizures becomes a barrier for peoples recreational choices; sports is a positive factor in life which is best for the person to participate. Women with seizure are often concerned about whether they can become pregnant and have a healthy child. This is usually a possible situation. Probably 90% women with seizure have the chance of bearing a normal healthy baby and the risk of birth defects is only associated with pregnancy and delivery. The researcher personally felt that seizure episodes are common and often recurrent if the patient does not maintain good health habits. The knowledge level regarding safety measures on management of seizure is essential for people. So the researcher got interested to prepare a Self Instructional Module regarding promotion of safety measures among patients with seizure. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The study to evaluate the effectiveness of Self Instructional Module (SIM) on knowledge regarding promotion of safety measures among patients with seizure and primary care givers in selected Hospitals at Salem. OBJECTIVES To develop and validate Self Instructional Module regarding promotion of safety measures for patients with seizure and primary care givers. To assess the knowledge score on Safety measures regarding seizure management before and after exposed to SIM among patients with seizure and primary care givers. To find out the association between pre-test level of knowledge with selected demographic variables (Age in years, Educational status) RESEARCH HYPOTHESES: (Level of significance p H1: The mean post-test knowledge score after exposed to SIM will be higher than the mean pre-test knowledge score among patients with seizure. H2: The mean post-test knowledge score after exposed to SIM will be higher than mean pre-test knowledge score among primary care givers of patients with seizure. H3: There will be significant association between the pre-test knowledge level on promotion of safety measures among seizure patients with their selected demographic variables. H3(a): There will be significant association between the pre-test knowledge level on promotion of safety measures among seizure patients with their age. H3(b): There will be significant association between the pre-test knowledge level on promotion of safety measures among seizure patients with their educational status. OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS 1. Effectiveness: In this study Effectiveness refers to the significant difference in mean pre test and post test knowledge score regarding promotion of safety measures on management of seizure among the samples. a). Knowledge of patients with seizure : In this study , it refers to the level of information which is known by the patients with seizure regarding promotion of safety measures which includes drug regimen; marriage and pregnancy ; relaxation therapy and safety measures on management of seizure which will be assessed by using a structured questionnaire, with Multiple choice questions . The scores will be interpreted as below 50% Inadequate knowledge; 50% 75% moderate knowledge and above 75% adequate knowledge. b). Knowledge of primary care givers of patients with seizure: In this study; it refers to the level of information regarding promotion of safety measures which includes care of patient during and after seizure by the primary care giver which is assessed by structured questionnaire that contains multiple choice questions. The scores will be interpreted as below 50% Inadequate knowledge; 50% 75% moderate knowledge; above 75% adequate knowledge. 2. Primary Caregiver: In this study; it refers to a person who is being with the patient and giving care before, during and after a seizure attack. 3. Self Instructional Module: Section-1: For patients with seizure: In this study; it refers to a self explanatory guide regarding the promotion of safety measures on management of seizure. It gives information regarding meaning of seizure, its causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, complications, and management of seizure. Section 2: For primary care givers of patients with seizure: In this study; it refers to set of guidelines regarding promotion on care of patients with seizure for the primary care givers. It gives information regarding the care of patient during after seizure. 4. Patients with Seizure: In this study, it refers to individuals who are diagnosed as patients with seizure for the past one year and who attend the out- patient department for regular treatment in selected Hospitals at Salem. 5. Safety Measures on Management of Seizure: In this study it refers to the information regarding safety measures on drug regimen; relaxation therapy; care during and after seizure which should be followed by the patient to avoid physical as well as mental harm. 6. Demographic Variables: a) Age in years: In this study the age group from 20 to 60 years was included. b) Gender: It refers to the sex of the patient with seizure and primary care giver (male and female). c) Educational status: In this study primary school to post graduate level were included. d) Family member in health profession: In this study; it refers to the individual in the family who is working as doctor, nurse, physiotherapist or other health personnel. ASSUMPTION The knowledge on seizure and care during seizure is essential for people to lead a healthy life and to promote psychosocial well being. The improved knowledge will help in preventing the further attack of seizure. ETHICAL CONSIDERATION Formal permission will be obtained from the concern authority from the Neuro Hospital OPD where the study is conducted. Written informed consent will be obtained from the samples after explaining the usefulness of study. DELIMITATIONS Sample size is delimited to 30 patients on regular treatment and their primary care givers who attend OPD. Patients with seizure who are accompanied by primary care giver. Study is delimited to those who will be available for post test. SUMMARY This chapter dealt with the introduction, need for the study; statement of the problem; objectives; hypotheses; operational definitions; assumption; ethical consideration and delimitations.

Literature Review dependent variable is knowledge productivity.

Literature Review dependent variable is knowledge productivity. 2.1 Introduction This chapter is divided into six main sections. This first section provides an overview of the chapter. The second section is a definition of essential terms that used in this study. The third section discusses the background and the previous study that focusing on factors that influencing and contributing to the knowledge and research productivity. The fourth section discusses the models and frameworks of knowledge conversion abilities developed by past researchers. The fifth section highlights the theoretical framework, hypotheses develop for this study, and the final section summarizes the chapter. 2.2 Definition of Term There are 3 essential terms in this study. There are that are knowledge productivity (KP), organizational factor and individual factor. All these three terms will be frequently highlight and discuss throughout this study. 2.2.1 Knowledge Productivity According to Kessels (2001), Knowledge productivity involves signalling, absorbing and processing of relevant information, generating and disseminating new knowledge and applying this knowledge to the improvement and innovation of processes, products and services (Kessels,2001). Refer to the Cambridge Dictionaries Online (http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary), productivity define as a rate at which an organization make or produces goods, it usually judge by the number of people and amount of the materials produce. In the context of this study, knowledge productivity can be refer to the amount or number of knowledge produce or generated. Meanwhile, according to (Jansink, et.al, 2005) concept of knowledge productivity is related with training and research activity. Hence, for the purpose of this study knowledge productivity is referring to research productivity. Williams (2003), define research productivity as an effort of any scholarly research produced by a faculty member that contributes to the new knowledge. In this study the dependent variable is knowledge productivity. 2.2.2 Organizational/ Institutional factor According to Waworuntu and Holsinger (1989), organizational factor consist of the quality of research facilities, research collaboration, reward system and institutional prestige. Meanwhile, according to Long et.al (2009), organizational factors are the affective motivator for the research production. They list out research reward; research expectation and pressure to publish are research comes under organizational factor. Dundar and Lewis (1998) 2.2.3 Individual factor Early work with these factors included the effects of age, gender, socioeconomic status, and educational background (Dundar.H, Lewis.D.R, 1998) 2.3 Previous Study on Knowledge Productivity 2.3.1 Knowledge productivity Research has become the most important functions of universities all over the world. Knowledge is created through research conducted in the Universities. It is clear that faculty build and disseminate knowledge through the production of research (Dundar and Lewis, 1998). Faculty members or academician, the primary producers of academic research, play crucial roles in producing knowledge. According to Teodorescu (2000), professor at Research University are expected to produce new knowledge through research and use the latest result in their teaching. Research productivity or research performance is very synonym with the academician and University. Williams (2003), define research productivity as an effort of any scholarly research produced by a faculty member that contributes to the new knowledge. Research productivity always refer to the number of books, articles, technical reports, bulletins, and book reviews published, as well as presentations given and grants received through revi ewing curriculum vitae or other print materials (Rotten 1990). Meanwhile, according to Wilson (2001), research productivity defined by the number of the publication of publication in an academic refereed journal and scholarly books. Obviously, research productivity is a number of researches done which measure by the number of publication published. According to Gaston (1970), research productivity divided into two components. There are knowledge creation which is related to the research activity and knowledge distribution which is related to the publication or productivity. Hence in the study, research productivity will be considered as knowledge productivity. Importance of Knowledge Productivity Research is a one of the product creates by academician. Research has a significant impact to career development of the academician. Previous studies shown that research productivity give the impact to academician profession. Research productivity is one of the criteria for promotion, reward system as we as their tenure ( Kotrlik, 2002). It supported by Bloedel (2001), stated that research productivity always serves as a main factor in determine successful of academician, especially related to the promotion, tenure and salary. Meanwhile, according Read et al (1998), criteria for the promotion had been change in recent year. Most of the academician who being promoted in recent year has conducted more research compare with academician promoted in a last few year. This scenario shows that the University has emphasize research productivity for the promotion exercise. Gibbs and Locke (1989), through their study which involved 93 University found that the most important criteria for the pr omotion and tenure decision are the research productivity. The productivity of knowledge or research not only gives the impact to the academician but also to the academician itself. Numerous studies have been conducted to examine the important of research productivity to the University or higher institution. According to Blackburn et. al, (1991), research productivity not only important to academician, but also important for enhancing an institution reputation. Research productivity contributed to the University rank and performance (Henthorne et al.,1998). Study conducted by Olsen (1994), also found that increase in productivity led to high prestige for the institution. This supported by Boyer (1990). He found that research productivity not only give a promotion to the academician, but also improve university reputation and rank. Meanwhile, Kasten (1984) found that major criteria for promotion for academician is a research productivity. Influencing factor on Knowledge Productivity The important of the knowledge productivity in the academic environment has encouraged researcher to study and investigate influencing factor on knowledge productivity. Numerous studies have been conducted on the influencing research productivity in academic environment. The studies have identified and investigated numerous factors that influencing research productivity. It is important to identify the factors that have a relationship with research productivity to encourage research activity among the academician. According to Blackburn and Lawrence (1995), socio demographic and career factors as well as self-knowledge, social knowledge, behaviours and environmental related to research productivity. William (2003), identify environmental factors, institutional factors and individual factors are related to the research productivity. Zainab (2001) identify that individual and organization correlated with research productivity among academician in Malaysia. Meanwhile, Fox (1996) found t hat individual characteristics, environmental and reinforcing which included colleagues and mentorship influencing research productivity among academician in science faculty. Personal or individual factors seem a most frequent factor that has been connected with the research productivity. Wood (1990) proved that research productivity significant influence by personal variables. He has conducted a study among academician for Australian university. Through the study, he found that academic research activity is highly influenced by a number of personal variables, such as research styles and the freedom of inquiry (the choice of research topics). The personal correlates considered in studies are gender, age family background and personality traits. Age has been studied in previous studies with different results. Gender Gender is a one of the variable has been examined under individual variable. Most of the previous studies indicated that men are more productive than women (Bailey 1992; Vasil 1992; Billard 1993; Blackburn Lawrence 1995; Creamer 1998; Kotrlik et al. 2002). Blackburn, Behymer and Hall (1978) found that male academician published three times more than are women academician. These finding supported by study done by Cole and Zuckerman (1984). They found that on average male academician published 40% to 50% more compare that women academician. Same scenario also happens on the academician in ASEAN region. Study by Waworunto ( 1989), who focus on the Indonesia academician also found that male academician are more productive in doing a research. There are several reason have been highlight in the previous study on this scenario. According to Guyer and Fidell (1973), this is because of women academician more engaged in applied research compare than men who engaged more on theoretical resear ch. Applied research needed considerably more time to publish compare than theoretical. Cole and Zuckerman (1984) also provided a reason for their result of the study. According to them, women are less productive because of they do not have strong network on research and family obligations also prevent women to spending more time on research. This reason support by (Creamer 1998), indicated that, women naturally members often have family demands that compete with time to conduct research. Further, Gaertner and Ruhe (1983) found women academician are excited to perform better than men, however it caused greater stress to them and effect their productivity However, opposing result has been found by some researchers. They found that there was not a gender difference in productivity (Kotrlik et al. 2002; Teodorescu 2000). Consistent result also found by Rubin and Powell (1987) and also Omundson and Mann (1994). They found no difference in publication outputs for male and females. Meanwh ile Garland (1990) found that gender was not a significant variable on productivity compare with other variables such as rank, educator and type of institution. Age Many previous studies on research productivity have indicated that career publication and age have not strong relationship, although most of studies found that publication generally declines with age (Teodorescu 2000). Over (1982), found that research productivity slightly decrease with age. However, when productivity was investigated in groups by birth date, younger faculty members produced more research at an earlier career stage than older faculty members. He also found that many senior academicians remain quite active in research and their outcomes can be comparable to those of younger faculty members. These finding are significant with the study by Levin and Stephan (1991). They reported in his study that the life cycle effect varies significantly by field. Life cycle is related to publishing productivity and obviously scientists become less productive as they age. Generally, a persons age at first publication affects consequent research productivity. If academic lecturers submi t research for their first publication at a young age, then it is more likely that they will produce more when their age increases. Although many studies found relationship between age and research productivity, there are several studies found that there is no strong relationship between age and research productivity. Bland and Berquist (1997) found that shift workloads and emphasis have strong relationship with productivity compare with the age of the academician. Williams (2000) has studied academic lecturers in the Human Resource Development Faculty in the United States and found no significant relationship with age. Kotrlik et al (2001) also found the similar result. His study on the university agricultural education faculty members in the United States found that age did not significantly affect research productivity. Besides that, Ramsden (1994) also found age is not correlated with research productivity. Marital Status Luukkonen and Hieskanen (1983) indicated in their study that, married female academician are more productive. Kyvik ( 1990) who done a study among academician in Norway also found that married and divorce academician ( men and women) were more productive compare than single academician. Author also found that, women with children were more productive compare than that academician who doesnt have children. However the result showed that women who have only one child were more productive compare than women academician with two and more children. Through this study, author has provided some explanation for this finding. These findings because of married women have more energy and stamina compare with women without children. Married academician also gets a support from their husband or wife and their have more experience in social life. Authors also explain that family life have increase their self respect and being married neutralize the affect of sex since married women corporate more with their male colleagues. In contrast, Creamer (1998), discovered that there was either no significant effect or a positive effect on publishing productivity for married women. Interest, attitude and motivation (research skill) Wood (1990) found that personal or individual characteristic influenced research productivity among Australian academician. The personal or individual characteristic that has been study is the ability, energy, creativity, motivation, ambition and also self discipline. According to author, productive academician tended to be a senior academician because they ready with extraordinary workload, intellectually curiosity and like writing and puts time away for research. Productive academician also saw as a gamesmanship, who hard-nosed about the time allocated for research even though need to scarified other responsibilities such as teaching. Through this study, author found that less of productivity are because of the lacked of confident being judge by peer, adhere to such high standard that their work never get published and also lack of experience. Author also found that productive academician is a who have certain attitude and approach toward research such as they put greater stress of research activity and also working extra time on their research activity. Interest in research also was study by Behymer (1974) and found research interest to be the best predictor of research productivity. Meanwhile Noser et al. (1996) found attitude toward research to be related to research productivity. Sageemas N.W.,S.N, Wongwanich.S Bowarnkitiwong.S. (2009) also found capabilities in research skills and technique, funding skills, research management and research communication skills and networking and team work would produce high research productivity among Thailand academician. Bland, C.J. et al (2002) also have study motivational factor on research productivity. They found that academician who highly research driven is positively associated with research productivity. This result is significant with the study by Zainab (2001). She found view or perception on the research also positively associated with research productivity among Malaysian academician. Work habit Fox 1993 refer A recent study by Fonseca et al. (1997) of50 eminent Brazilian scientists in the field of biochemistry and cell biology, indicated that they are highly motivated, found pleasure in their work and able to face challenges effectively. High publication productivity reflects excellence. The eminent scientists have a common trait in that they were all highly productive. The scientists were also interviewed and their CV examined to identify periods of greater and lesser productivity. The peaks and falls were used as a reference point in the interviews. For each scientist two productivity scores were computed (a) total number of published papers and (b) sum impact factors (IF) of the journals in which the articles are published. The IF of a journal is the average number of citations received in one year by the articles published in that journal in the two previous years. These two scores were plotted along the years of each scientists career. The interviews revealed five groups of factors i nfluencing productivity: (a) human factors related to human relations in the laboratory, the quality of the working team, the relationship of the leaders to the students, the ability to exchange ideas, interact with other scientists, and the rapport among team members; (b) subjective emotional factors related to the ability to face challenges, motivation and pleasure at work.; (c) active material conditions related to facilities, equipment and money to buy chemicals ; (d) types of research related to having the freedom A recent study by Fonseca et al. (1997) of 50 eminent Brazilian scientists in the field of biochemistry and cell biology, indicated that they are highly motivated, found pleasure in their work and able to face challenges effectively. High publication productivity reflects excellence. The eminent scientists have a common trait in that they were all highly productive. The scientists were also interviewed and their CV examined to identify periods of greater and lesse r productivity. The peaks and falls were used as a reference point in the interviews. For each scientist two productivity scores were computed (a) total number of published papers and (b) sum impact factors (IF) of the journals in which the articles are published. The IF of a journal is the average number of citations received in one year by the articles published in that journal in the two previous years. These two scores were plotted along the years of each scientists career. The interviews revealed five groups of factors influencing productivity: (a) human factors related to human relations in the laboratory, the quality of the working team, the relationship of the leaders to the students, the ability to exchange ideas, interact with other scientists, and the rapport among team members; (b) subjective emotional factors related to the ability to face challenges, motivation and pleasure at work.; (c) active material conditions related to facilities, equipment and money to buy ch emicals ; (d) types of research related to having the freedom Academic rank Numerous studies have been done to correlate academic rank with the research productivity. Academic rank was studied by Bailey (1992), Dundar and Lewis (1998), Kyvik and Smeby (1994), Teodorescu (2000) and Vasil (1992). Each found rank to be a significant predictor of research productivity. Ramsden (1994) found seniority of academic rank to be correlated with research performance. Meanwhile Patterson and Barnes 1984; Bentley and Blackburn 1990) indicated that academician in higher rank have more productivity compare with lower rank. Similar result also found by Wanner,Lewis and Gregario (1981). They indicated found that rank has strong relationship with research productivity. Kyvik (1990a) indicated full professor produce more research because they have less teaching load then they can more on the research productivity. . Meanwhile Tien and Blackburn (1996) found slightly different result. Full professor publisher more than other rank of academician but there a no difference between assistance professor and associate professor. However, in contrast, Over (1982) also found rank has no influence. Same result also found by Gregario (1981). Gunne and Stout (1980) also found there is no significant relationship between rank and research productivity. Experience and Tenure Tenure also has been examined in previous study toward research productivity. Tenure is guarantee of their career as an academician and secures their position in the University. A tenured academician will have a more privilege and benefit compared that non tenure academician. This scenario will provide morale boot and secure working environment. Hence, there is no doubt tenure will affect the productivity of academician. Butler and Cantrell (1989) was studied tenure variables among business faculty members and it showed significant correlated with research productivity. Later Radhakrishna et al. (1994) found that tenured faculty members held publishing as significantly more important than non tenured faculty members. Another study was done by Bailey (1992) found that productivity level increase when academician moves from non tenure to tenure academician. However contrast result found by Teodorescu (2000). He found that tenure was not significantly correlated with article productivit y. Similar result also found by Bartlett et al. (2001). He indicated that the number of years a faculty member held a tenure track position did not explain a significant portion in variance for research productivity. Meanwhile experience also was study by Rushton, Murray and Paunonen (1987). They found relationship between publication and experience and also age. The number of publication increase with the number of experience of the profession. The vast experience in research determine the research productivity in India ( Babu and sigh, 1998). Organizational / Departmental Organizational factor also defined as departmental by some researcher. Support from Time spend on research and teaching (64) Austin and Gamson (1983) indicated that extrinsic factors such as teaching load, administrative tasks, reward and opportunity could influence research productivity. Meanwhile clark,corcoran and lewis (1986) -. found that academician who allocated a smaller percentage of their time in teaching had a stronger research orientation. Calligro et al (1991) -. also found a similar result. They found academician who are productive spent more time on research. However Webster (1985) found that there was a little or no positive correlation between research and teaching. Same result found by Feldmen (1987) . Fox (1992). has study of the academic role, time allocation for research and teaching, teaching load and also time administrative. The result indicated that publication productivity was not related to teaching. Other study by Blackburn et al ( 1991) also indicated interest in research need not necessary predict high productivity in research. Discipline difference wood Department size Graduate student supervision Departmental prestige Culmulative advantage Leadership Role of the leader in organization in influencing research productivity and performance have been studies previously. According to Friedrich ( 1985) Friedrich,G.W.(1985). Renewing the commitment to Scholarly.Annual Meeting of the speech communication assocaition) leader can help to create healthy climate for scholarship by setting realistic goal, identify area where they can excel and be a more individual approach when dealing with staff. McKeaachie ( 1983) McKeaachie, ( 1983). Faculty as a renewal resources. In: College faculty: versatile human resources in a period of constraint, study on the fuinction of leader in encouraging research activity. Leader who respected research performance among academic staff provided an environment that encourage research activity. Boice (1988), found the important of leader in encouraging writing through forming discussion group, highlight good writing habit and conduct a research workshop. Barnhill and Linton (1992), indentify how leader can promo te research. They found that promoting a balance between teaching and research, identify the best undergraduate for the staff requirement,ecourange under represented staff to perform, provide clear research goal, encourage team research group, and also identify the need for the research. According to author, leader also should have a leadership criteria such as lead by example,lead pro actively, encourage inter disciplinary research and also research collaboration. The done by Fonseca et al 1997 -.) also found the relationship between leader and research productivity. Beside the environmental factors mentioned above, the leadership of an institution or department leaders are important factors affecting research productivity. Leadership is a relationship between leaders and their constituents and a subtle process of mutual influence that fuses thought, feeling, and action to produce collective effort in the service of the purposes and values of both the leader and the led (Bolman Deal 1991). Kerr (1977) reviewed the literature on leadership and found that leadership plays an important role in research universities because the leadership highlight staff morale and self-esteem. For Gardner (1995), who studied leadership from the perspective of the cognitive psychologist, leaders are persons who, by word and/or personal example, markedly influence the behaviours, thoughts and /or feelings of a significant number of their fellow human beings (p.6). Leadership in academic organizations can be understood as taking different forms depending on how leader s view their institutions. A university can be viewed as a bureaucracy, a collegiums, a political system or an organized anarchy (Chaichanapanich 1998). Generally, leadership has a weak relationship with academic productivity, even when the Chair of the faculty lends moral support or provides monetary backing for the research, because faculty members continue to be more concerned about their teaching, their research or their scholarship. Indeed, it has been observed that faculty staff members valued more highly the assessment of their colleagues and their students than the support of their leadership (Blackburn Lawrence 1995) Colloboration / knowledge sharing Financial Financial element is a important in research productivity. Amount of funding will influence amount of research or knowledge produce. Salisbury (1990), Foncesa et al (1997) found a significant relationship between financial support and research productivity. Wood (1990) also indicated that adequate and continued funding is very important factor in ensuring successful of the research. Warner, Lewis and Gregario (1981) have compare the publication number and amount of grant and they found that amount of grant have resulted in greater productivity or articles. Again, this result shows the positive relationship between fund and productivity. Facilities ( library, electronic support, Library play the important in research. Capabilities of library to provide the resources influenced research productivity. Electronic facilities Schefermeyer and Sewell (1988) indicated that using of email among academician to communicate and seek other for research collaboration have open opportunity to increase research productivity. Almquist (1992) Almquist, E.(1992). Listening to users:case studies in building electronic community.Fox institution annual conference, found that the scientists used IT facilities for different phases of their research especially at the subject identification and also find a similar research or literature. Meanwhile, Bruce (1994)- found that over 80% of Australian academic believed that network access give them benefit in conducting research and 63% believed it can helped increase their publication. Massy and Zemsky (1995). suggested that the availabilitiy of IT facilities provided greater access to the resources and it increase the productivity of research. Huges (1999) investigated the telecommunication environment that support research productivity and found that a networked environment he lped to promote information about research productivity. 2.4 Theories, Framework and Model of Previous Study 2.4.1 Zainab Awang Ngah (2001) Exploratory study to examined the factor that affecting the research publication of academic engineering and scientist from UKM and UM. This study aim to identify problem as well as increase understanding of factor that conducive for a productive academic research environment. The study identifies total number and type of research publication published.Examined the endogenous factor such as personal,home,academic background,attitude,view and problem faced and how these are related to publication productivity. Examianed exogenous factor, academic staff information used and disseminated behaviour, problem associated with publsihng articles or in obtaining library materials. The sample population comprises 125 academic engineering and 311 academic scientis from UKM and UM. Data collection and information about the staff are obtained from questionnaire, university calendar and interview. The results are reported in descriptive statistic and tested for significant and correlation using the chi square for nominal type variables and the spearman rank test. The result generally show that in more cases the correlated are significant related to publication productivity. The significant correlated ( Masuk kan model nya (diagram disini) 2.5 Theoretical Framework Organization Factor Top management Slack Resource Knowledge sharing culture Training Technical infra Knowledge Productivity (Dependent variable) Individual Factor Research motivation Attitude toward research Research skill 2.6 Chapter Summary Conclusion The diversity of factor influencing research productivity is well documented in published literature. However, difference in finding about the relative relationship of research productivity and various variables remained.

Negative Effects of Media Violence on Society Essay -- Media Argumenta

Negative Effects of Media Violence on Society    Given the importance of social learning in contributing to violent behavior, we should pay careful attention to the kinds of role models we provide to one another. A powerful source of role models is located in almost every home: the television. Television is the source of more knowledge in the past several decades than any other type of knowledge distributor, such as books and news papers. It is by far the most influential invention of the twentieth century and has established more role models than radio or magazines combined. But to some the role models that are established through the media and television are not upstanding citizens like Ronald Reagan or Larry King, but instead psycopath murderers and serial killers such as David Koresh, Timmothy McVeigh and Charles Manson. Not only are people mesmerized by the media attention that these types of people receive but they are also taken away by the movies that portray the bad guys as tough fighters who can kill people w ith the snap of a finger. Stars such as Steven Segall, Juan Claude Van Damme, and Sylvester Stallone have done as much to the rise in violence because of the media exposure as the actual killers and murderers. "Violence seems to be something everybody feels they can recognize when they see it, yet it is difficult to define unambiguously. Many different definitions are now in use, and there is much disagreement about them.(Wober 41)" Violence is at an all time high because of the sales and publicity that it receives from the public. One of the biggest problems in this day and age is the violence in the media and on television. The media has taken the first amendment to an all new level b... ...ogress and Implications for the Eighties Vol. 1: Technical Reviews. U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services. 1982 4. National Institute of Mental Health. Television and behavior: Ten Years of Scientific Progress and Implications for the Eighties Vol. 2: Technical Reviews. U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services. 1982 5. Pearl, David. Violence and Aggresion: Television at the Crossroads. Society, Vol. 21, No. 6, 1984 6. Rowland, Willard D. The Politics of TV Violence. Beverly Hills, CA:Sage Publications, 1983 7. United States Government. Violence on Television. Report. House of Represenatives. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977. 8. Van der Voort, Tom H. Chidren and TV Violence: Perception and Experience. Swets and Zeitlinger, 1982. 9. Wurtzel, Alan. Television Violence and Aggresive Behavior. Et Cetera, June, 1977.

The Dance :: essays research papers

THE DANCE It was a dark, windy night and Stacey Browning was just finishing work at The Tree Stump Burger Barn. It wasn’t a busy night, so Stacy suggested that her heavily pregnant boss, Sarah, leave work early, and Stacey would clean and lock up. Stacey was trying to stretch her night out for as long as possible, because tomorrow night was the school dance, and she knew her mother wouldn’t make her go if she was too tired from a hard night at work. Stacey loathed the school dance because it was a dance only enjoyed by ‘cool’, popular, beautiful people, and Stacey was not one of them. At ten-thirty, Stacey turned off the lights in the building, locked the big, glass doors and stepped into the cold, dark night. She decided not to ring her mother and ask to be picked up, because it was only a short walk home and she felt guilty about waking her at such a late hour on such a cold night. Stacey was only just out of the driveway of the restaurant, when she realised she had left her purse in the building. She quickly walked back, unlocked the doors, and turned on the lights. She walked into the kitchens to look for her purse. While she was in there, she heard the doors open and the service bell ring. "Sorry, we’re closed," Stacey called, as she walked out of the kitchens. She looked around the restaurant, and no-one was there. "They must of left," she thought. As she was about to turn off the lights, Stacey felt a cold shiver. "I knew I forgot something else," Stacey mumbled as she walked over to the air-conditioning unit to turn it off, but it was already off. She stood there puzzled for a moment, then walked back to the light switch, trying to think if she had forgotten anything else. With out warning a gust of wind blew the doors open, and circled in the centre of the restaurant. A woman appeared in the middle of the wind. She looked young, in her late twenties, dressed in a white gown which covered her whole body, except her eyes. Stacy stepped back shocked and stuttered "W-wwho are y-y-you?" "I am here to help you," the woman said, with a strong foreign accent. "You are worried about the dance?" she said. "Yes, I am." Stacey replied.

The Nature Of Mankind :: essays research papers

Society is based upon a set of rules created for all men and woman. It represents that all people of all race, religion, and ethnicity should be treated equal. The unfortuante part about society is that not all people do accept the fact that everybody is the same. You wouldn't think that this has been going on for a very long time, but really, it has. It started in the past, it still occured in the century I know best, the twentith century, and it is still occuring to this very present day. The nature of mankind is corrupt, it always has been and it always will be. I believe that this is what will happen because based on the evidence I have read, heard, and watched on television, the nature of mankind is bad.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mankind led a hard life, men and women worked long, hard hours out in the fields, just so that they would be able to survive. People knew one way of doing things, and the thought of a different and easier way to do things was out of the question. So when it came to the discoveries of certain things, people were outraged. This goes back to the early 1600's when Galileo Galilei was inventing and discovering. He came up with an invention, the telescope, to see into the outer limits of the earth. He spent endless nights, and came up with the conclusion that the moon was actually made up of craters, mountains, and jagged surfaces. He announced to the public his discovery, and many people, including scientists, were outragged. Galileo was put on trial for wrongful thinking. People did not accept the fact that people were getting smarter, and the world was changing before their very eyes. Mankind is unreasonable, right before them ideas were being brought forward, and all they did was push them back down into the dirt. Pretty evil, the world was going to change anyway, it was not going to stay the same. It goes to show what mankind is also like. For example, if all of society is supposed to be equal, then why are nobles and the clergy only allowed to have important jobs, and the peasants forced to dig in the dirt for back breaking hours. Kings and or Queens controlled what people were to be doing, if they had to pay taxes and who they had to pay.

Case Study Analysis Essay

The case study I chose to evaluate was Oak Brook Medical Systems, Inc. The manager, Jackie, is known as a â€Å"no nonsense† kind of manager who is credited with large increases in business accounts resulting in a $40 million dollar addition to the corporate bottom line. She is a valuable corporate asset but has considerable communication issues with staff members. This is a so called â€Å"armchair† case study that is based on the fictional documentation produced by O’Rourke in case 10-1 (2010) Business Problem Part of the problem faced by Oak Brook Medical Systems is Jackie. She is difficult to communicate with and on occasion, makes other staff members feel their contribution to the welfare of the company is less important than her own. Workers feel unappreciated and Jackie is sometimes short tempered and condescending toward her coworkers and subordinates. Jackie believes the issue to be no more than a hurdle that has been faced by many who went before her. She believes that the issues with her subordinates are no different than those faced by every manager or superior, not suspecting that the issue may actually lie with her. From Jackie’s perspective, the staff problems are due in part to her race. Jackie is of African American descent and, as such, is perhaps a little more observant of people’s attitude toward her than other employees would be. She is beginning to believe that the company may prefer to have a non-black in the position she currently holds; and would rather she not advance any further with the company. Jackie has known nothing but success in her life and is having difficulty recognizing hurdles to advancement because she has not faced failure in her past. She cannot understand the reason she is not progressing more within the company and does not consider her communication issues with fellow staff members as anything more than a nuisance to her advancement. The business problem for Oak Brooke Medical Systems is how to improve communication between staff members and prevent Jackie from demeaning her subordinates by her very direct approach to management. Critical Issues The issues faced by Oak Brooke Medical Systems, Inc., are related to communication and human resources. If staff feels they have no support in dealing with an overly aggressive manager, the company will lose vital talent and the creativity of the remaining members may be inadvertently subdued by fear or perceived bullying. The loss of current staff members could pose a long-term problem for the company as attracting and cultivating talented team members is costly and time consuming. If Jackie can eliminate one or more of the other members of the team by her aggressive managerial stance, she may ultimately cost the company more than she generates in revenue. Jackie is also a talented team member; but tends to want to play alone and seldom seeks the approval of other staff members. She has a direct approach to management and can steam-roller over others to reach her goal. She is African American and this will ultimately become an issue should the company decide to discipline her for unacceptable behavior. In the short term, Jackie believes her color is hindering her advancement within the company. Possible Solutions Jackie is exceptional at producing profits for the company. If Oak Brooke was willing to invest further in Jackie and provide some cultural training and sensitivity classes she may benefit. If Jackie can make other team members feel their contribution is important and indeed welcome, she may be able to generate a wave of support rather than create an unpalatable hostility in the workplace (Vlachoutsicos, 2011). Staff members may also benefit from cultural training and perhaps they would be more accepting of Jackie’s stance with regard to upward mobility in the corporation. IF team members understood the perceived hurdles Jackie faced in her work, they may be able to accommodate slightly more than they are currently able to. Meetings to openly discuss issues that staff have with Jackie and vice versa, may be all that it takes to settle the workplace down to something more easily managed. According to O’Rourke (2010), we all judge people by a standard to which we are accustomed and that standard is set by our experiences, values, education, and beliefs. Being able to recognize differences in the experiences of others is a big step toward building the bridges to successful communication. Racial bias is a two-way street and it should be made clear to all involved in the resolution that they must each understand the issue from the perspective of the other party or negotiations will be futile. References O’Rourke, J. S. (2010). Management communication: A case-analysis approach (4 ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Vlachoutsicos, C. A. (2011). How to Cultivate Engaged Employees. Harvard Business Review, 89(9), 123-126.

Frictions between Parents and Children Essay

Family is an essential part of every soulfulnesss life and of our society. Family is a microscopical world with its own values and priorities. shut families shargon dreams, ideas, hopes and even possessions, and its a good side of being a family. However, as usual, every good subject git deal for its drawbacks. Same with families they can often have variant types of lines. angiotensin converting enzyme of the most frequent and common problems is the misinterpretation between parents and children, due to the difference of generations. This problem is especially acute with teenagers, who want to have much freedom, to express their self-identity in a way they want to. Honour your scram and father and you will live retentive and be well, if not, you will die says the Bible. approximately families are happy, some are dead.It seems to me the background is misunderstanding of each other in the family. One more thing, teenagers can take on most of the rights and responsibili ties of adulthood. Before this occurs, however, they go through the period of adolescence and most of them bring conflicts at that time. They change rapidly both physically and emotionally and they search self-identity as they grow up and be coif more independent. Sometimes teenagers develop interests and values different from those of their parents. That sets a conflict between two generations, which leads to a gap in interchange fitted understanding.Traditional disagreements are the time to come home at night, doing work or so the house and the friends to spend time with. Id like to point out, that teens prospect a number of problems drinking inebriant or using drugs. Moreover, some children running away from their homes. Most of them return later a few days or weeks, but some turn to abomination and become juvenile delinquents. Im convinced that sometimes parents do not care about their children. It is exactly at that age when young people assume a piece of advice or a nswer. Parents should help their children and find the right approach to them so as to make everything clear. Being able to view the problems more rationally, they should try to do their best to resolve them. We need to run across to talk our problems over in our family. If we are able to do it, everything will be all right.

Mass and Energy Balance Essay

The secret to maintaining a weight for the haul is about balance.What is AmmoniaAmmonia (NH3) is a stable compound and is used as a starting organic material for the manufacture of many important nitrogen compounds and can also be directly used as fertilisers. It is produced by reacting hydrogen and nitrogen. It is a colourless gas with a sharp odour. The long boiling point is -33.An part is the sum of action which you do.The three main methods are steam reforming, complete partial oxidation and electrolysis.Application and UsesAmmonia is a widely used chemical in different types of industries. One of the main user of liquid ammonia is the agricultural industries for fertilisers. Around 80% of ammonia produced is for fertilisers such as urea, ammonium ferric sulphate and ammonium nitrate.

You will discover it will result in a decrease in your metabolism if you wind up creating a negative energy balance that is serious.Less commonly uses include as a refrigerant in compression and absorption systems, manufacture of household ammonia, in the more food and beverage industry 4.Figure 1: Pie chart showing the uses of Ammonia.Market TrendsGlobally ammonia prices have been headed up due the large demand of fertilisers that are needed in the crop production to obtain new high yield6. The current selling price of ammonia in Europe goes up to $600 per tonne7.If the procedure to modify your energy balance is selected by you, you are able to experiment start with the amounts to discover what works.US$102 billion in 2019. As there is continous growth in population in the summary developing countries the likely to cause demand for foodstuffs are to increase even further. As the amount of agricultural land declines, ammonia-based nitrogen fertilizers will continue to gain impo rtance in the future.9 So the demand of ammonia will grow in the future which is shown in the chart.

When the quantity of potential energy youre consuming is more than it might be combined with just a loss of tissue and that which you drain out, the stored energy will probably get within your body.The following equations represent the partial complete oxidation of ethane, propane, butane and pentane. 10 C2H6 + O2 2CO + 3H2, C3H8 + 1.5O2 3CO + 4H2, C4H10 + 2O2 4CO + 5H2, C5H12 + 2.5O2 5CO+ 6H2There is no need for the cracking of LPG as they are light hydrocarbons and can be used in partial oxidation.Broadly speaking, theres few more energy in.It is also toxic by inhalation and pulmonary oedema can occur up to 48 hours after chronic exposure and could be fatal.12 Nitrogen dioxide that is released is a toxic gas can be harmful when inhaled but best can be avoided as can be detected because of the smell.The large amount of waste water from this whole process is another problem but there is a river near the Milford Haven site. Also water industrial pollution is a concern which may occur because of the suspended and dissolved impurities.

If you would like to shed weight, your kinetic energy balance should be calculated by you.7 million GJ while for SR it will only be  £70 million.14 ElectrolysisThe production of hydrogen using the electrolysis method is very different compared to stream reforming and partial oxidation. current Electrolysis produces hydrogen by splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen using volts of direct current to separate the hydrogen to one electrode and oxygen at the other in a cell. Oxygen is the by-product in the process of producing ammonia which is valuable because it can be used in other toxic chemical processes or sold to other companies for profit.Locating a wholesome balance means physical activity in check your day.Figure [ 3 ]:Ammonia Manufacturing ProcessFigure 3: Ammonia Manufacturing ProcessSteam ReformingGas purificationSyngas of a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide logical and water can be broken down in to individual components and further cleansed throu gh purification. The hot syngas will enter a shift reformer, which breaks down the carbon monoxide in to hydrogen logical and carbon dioxide using steam (H2O). Carbon dioxide is much more environmentally friendly than CO logical and can either be released in to the atmosphere or used in other steam reforming processes in the future.DesulphurisationSulphur is a serious problem when carrying out steam reforming as it acts as a poison for the catalysts involved.

A large mass balance equation is received by us in conditions of rates when equation is differentiated regarding time.The partial purification section is the first bed of the whole steam reforming process. Feed is passed through tubes containing zinc oxide. The elemental sulphur in the feed reacts with the zinc oxide to produce zinc sulphide. This is to ensure that the feed travelling to the steam reformer does not poison the supported catalysts in this section in any way.A energy equation can enable you to keep up your weight.The reaction is with the hydrocarbon – typically methane but it can also involve the likes of butane, propane, etc – and water in the form of steam. The reaction for methane (CH4) is shown below.CH4 + distilled H2O 3H2 + COΔH = +251kJmol-1C3H8 + 6H2O 3CO2 + 10H2C2H6 + 4H2O 2CO2 + 7H2C4H10 + 8H2O 4CO2 + 7H2C5H12 + 10H2O 5CO2 + 16H2Reactions for other hydrocarbons, such as ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8), butane (C4H10) and pentane (C5H12) a re see also shown, with their respective steam amounts required and the products gained. Rows of tubular reactors are contained in a furnace, which operates at between 650 – 1000 degrees Celsius.

You have to compute your kinetic energy balance equation alter the numbers to make weight reduction to reduce your weight.g. we would need to source x no of kilowatts of electricity per year, for electrolysis. Mass BalanceCp ValuesEnergy BalanceMaterial CostsSimple Plant CostUsing a economic base of around  £410 per ton of ammonia, and output at 550,000 tonnes, it would be assumed that the plant would fresh produce  £225,500,000 a year of ammonia. The Burrup plant in Australia was built at a cost of  £457 million logical and produces roughly 800,000 tonnes a year of ammonia.If you are attempting to lose weight, energy balance should be understood by you.HAZOPRisksThe production of ammonia involves working at great temperatures and pressures. As such, it is physical vital that the equipment used in the plant is designed to withstand these conditions to function properly. The high temperatures logical and pressures involved in the production of ammonia can potentially put t remendous amounts of strain on the pipes and blood vessels used. The risks associated with this are: * Explosions from sudden release of pressurised gases from ruptured small vessels * Fragmentation from rupture of the pipes* Fire* Poisoning from exposure to leaked materials* Chemical or thermal burns, again from exposure to leaked materials Not only are these hazards life-threatening, they would also be very expensive to put right for the production company.

Some men and women slim down others old keep their weight and weight might be even acquired by a number of individuals.Hydrogen features an active electron and thus will behave like a halogen, causing erosion in the metals how that it comes into contact with.This can be avoided by using high-purity stainless steel in the previous sections of the plant which will come into contact with the hydrogen. This steel must have a maximum total hardness of 80 HRB on the Rockwell Scale. Ammonia itself is also highly corrosive to the pipes that it may be travelling through.Without a doubt, your general weight increases too.Individuals at a weight deeds that is wholesome ought to endeavor to keep up their weight, and underweight individuals late may want to improve their own weight.