Wednesday, October 30, 2019

Report of IT tech for food4all Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Report of IT tech for food4all - Essay Example In the process of creating live video streams for service delivery sessions, the project uses teleconferencing facilities like overhead cameras, screens or projectors, and high speed Internet connectivity among other technologies that incorporate the application of chat features. The preliminary evaluation aims at enhancing the efficiency of emerging technologies as well as their influence on the service delivery exercise on clients. The discourse covers a portrayal of a case where one of the new technologies gets integrated into food delivery. Putting in place a projector and a screen in the media centre used by clients for getting information. Employees will use the same to offer technology professional advanced services, it will also be a client centre for technology, and family meetings among clients will use it for conferences. Other uses include serving as the client center for technology learners in the food supply system, being a likely LVS centre for those with catch-up programs, and a centre for family nights. Using the projector and the screen will enable every participant or client to see clearly, what the project offers. To advance professional services and development for employees handling Promethean Boards during service delivery. Professional development will take place during one of the in-service services sessions scheduled in addition to the after meal on-site programs throughout food delivery. It is consequential for employees to comprehend ways of operating and integrating important aspects such as Promethean into delivering services applied during live streaming and not just the use of boards to impart knowledge among clients. Provision of materials and software for the newly introduced ACT project important in Prep Course. The relevance of ACT is for clients to remain complaint with the new live streaming methods introduced for delivery of food. Food service delivery companies previously provide catch-up

Monday, October 28, 2019

National V State Curriculum Essay Example for Free

National V State Curriculum Essay The issue of state vs. National curriculum has been raging for many years now with the Australian national government trying to force a national curriculum on all states and territories. However for this work all states and territories must agree on the curriculum and with so many different ways of teaching and how students have been taught in the past it was always going to be a difficult assignment. New South Wales, the leaders is assessments and with what they believe is a superior curriculum, have been the main fighters of the curriculum. New South Wales believe a national curriculum could work based around parts of their own curriculum as well as improvements in teaching development, management and mentoring. The implementation of an Australian national curriculum will mean huge changes to not only the New South Wales educational system but the educational systems of all states and territories. This will also mean a change in the New South Wales syllabus in order to make it fit with the national curriculum. As well as this it will not only will this impact on the education systems within Australia but will also mean a new requirement for teachers to teach at the level required to allow a national curriculum to work. New South Wales believe that the federal government is trying to lower the standard of education across the state in order to fit with the national curriculum. The New South Wales has long fought for the curriculum to be upgraded to fit with their syllabus so that when the nation does get brought to a certain level that level it is brought to is a high level of education giving everyone an opportunity at a better future as a whole. Not all the education departments agree or want the changes that will be brought in by a national curriculum. The New South Wales educational department are the main fighters of the implementation of the national curriculum. New South Wales believe the state curriculum they have in place alongside the HSC is more than adequate enough to suffice as a national curriculum for all states and territories. The development of the new national curriculum will mean changes to the New South Wales syllabus. This includes the introduction of mechanics back into the syllabus as well as the introduction of plants into the reproductive part of the syllabus. The latest version of the national curriculum from the Australian curriculum website shows step by step how the national curriculum looks to improve the standard of scientific knowledge taught across the country. It goes in depth to show how from year 1 right through to year 10 they will be building on skills learnt from previous years of science education. The latest version of the curriculum then goes on to tell of the more in depth science will be taught from years 7-10. This curriculum is able to show how the nation will be brought to the same standard of science knowledge through primary and secondary education. As well as this the Department of Education in the draft national curriculum for science (ACARA 2009) argue that although there will be new areas of study the curriculum will be more flexible for teachers allowing them to better teach the science curriculum. The draft curriculum also outlines 8 forms of considerations that will hopefully close the gap between indigenous, foreign and disadvantaged students. These considerations include Equity and Opportunity, Connections to other learning areas, Clarity of the curriculum, Breadth and depth of study, The role of digital technologies, The nature of the leaner (K-12), General capabilities and Cross-curriculum perspectives. The Department of Education are hoping that this will bring all students, schools and teachers up to a certain standard that this national curriculum will hopefully bring in. Bringing the students, schools and teachers up to a national standard will also hopefully make it easier for teachers to educate the students on topics and allow a bit more flexibility for the teachers in the classroom. The Australian national curriculum will also impact on the science pedagogy. Aubusson (Australian Journal of Education, 2011) believes that the curriculum will force one of two pedagogical situations. Aubusson believes the pedagogy will change to a standardising pedagogy or a pedagogy that will allow teachers to interpret the curriculum and teach it to their students in a way they will understand best. The standardising pedagogy could potentially lead to teachers being unable to form a connection with their students which could in turn cause students to become uninterested in the topics. This could potentially lead to a large amount of students failing the course. However a pedagogy which allows teachers to interpret the curriculum so they know which way will be the best to teach their students will allow connections to be formed, students to remain interested and engaged in their education and will lead to an increase in examination marks. This brings me to the teacher development issue with the national curriculum. Many teachers and education professionals in New South Wales oppose the change is due to the drastic development teachers will need to go through to allow the national changes to work. As sourced from the article ‘Mentors Reporting on Their Own Mentoring Practices’ (P. Hudson 2010) Hudson refers to his own personal experience of the failure of the last national curriculum. Hudson was a New South Wales school principal at the time tells of how he believes the failure can be partly blamed on the lack of development training offered to the teachers to allow them to teach the nation curriculum. New South Wales teachers and other teaching professionals believe that all Australian teachers need to go through development so that they are able to recognise the ways in which their students learn the best, this will enhance the students learning environment and allow them to work better as individuals and as a group. Teachers across Australia need to be able to understand and recognise the VARK learning system. The VARK learning system basically just asks the question of how students learn best. Whether they are, V – visual learners, A – auditory learners, R reading and writing learners, or K – kinaesthetic learners. As well as being able to recognise this VARK concept and implement it in the classroom teachers will also need to be able to recognise when things aren’t going to plan so they can improve their own teaching skills and the learning environment of the student. This will require constant reflection on the teachers on behalf, they must regularly reflect on how the lessons have gone. Doing this will not only help the teacher improve of their work and how they teach the curriculum but it will also help their students better understand the knowledge put before them. This means that teacher development is a must for the national curriculum to succeed for a long period of time. New South Wales are leading the way with teacher development, understanding and practices for the national curriculum rollout. The Minister for Education Mr Piccoli has stated in the past the NSW government is allowing their schools time to adjust to the changes the new curriculum will bring is. The government for NSW is delaying the implementation of the curriculum to give NSW schools and teachers time to prepare for these changes as well as time to implement the preparations. On August 9, 2011 Mr Piccoli stated that the national curriculum will not be rolled out across NSW schools until 2014 with the preparation and planning for the national curriculum to commence around 2013. Management is a key actor in the success of the national curriculum. For the curriculum to work steps must be put in place to manage the introduction of the curriculum as well as the up keep of the curriculum changes. Early teacher or Preservice teachers will be benefitted by the fact that most of them will be starting their full time jobs around the same time the curriculum is rolled out allowing them to focus on the new curriculum and what needs to be done. However the older teachers might struggle at times to recognise where change is needed from the old curriculum to new, this is where the management side of things comes into play. As cited from the mentors report (Hudson, 2010) teachers must help and mentor each other. There will be this area of overlap where the preservice teachers will be able to help the older teachers understand the changes from the old to new curriculum whilst the older teachers are able to help the preservice teachers in understanding the way in which the classroom works and how to better understand how their students work. This management and mentoring role comes from within the staffroom of the school and head teachers and principals must work together to achieve this mentoring and management role. Another key way for this mentoring idea to work is for teachers to give feedback on each other to help them improve. Hudson believes a method of understanding personal attributes, system requirements, pedagogical knowledge and modelling are all helpful in giving and/or receiving feedback. If colleagues are able to give and receive positive and critical feedback well the standard of teaching will only improve. With the standard of teaching improving the curriculum will get taught better to students which will in turn mean an increase in examination marks causing the national curriculum to work and to stick. With a new curriculum coming into place new resources will be needed for teachers to educate their students whilst still keeping them engaged in the lesson. Not only will some new resources be needed but some of the older teacher’s resources could be irrelevant. This is where that teacher development will come into play again; teachers will need to recognise where new resources are needed, where older resources aren’t needed and where some are still relevant. Again this will require all the teachers to come together and help one and other with this dilemma and help share resources in order to give each student the same learning experience. However new sources will be readily available to teachers with many websites out there having new up to date information to show the children. There are also many sites out there with activities the teacher can do online with the class to keep them engage, there are also videos out there that contain the information required for the national curriculum to show the students as well. So although new resources will be needed there are still many places teachers can find resources to keep their students engaged. As a first year university student studying teaching in the New South Wales education system I believe a national curriculum is vital for the future education of our next generation. However I do believe New South Wales were right to fight for the curriculum to be brought up to their standard because if we are going to have every student at the same level of education it should be at the highest level possible to give every student the best opportunity possible to have a successful life after school. The national curriculum will work throughout the country as long as teacher development is put in place as well. Teachers need time to develop and adjust their own teaching techniques so they can best teach this new curriculum to their students. Teachers in all schools will need to work together for this national curriculum to succeed in our schools to give the next generation of young Australians the best chance at success.

Saturday, October 26, 2019

Mrs. Linde as a Foil for Nora in in Ibsens A Dolls House Essay

Mrs. Linde as a Foil for Nora in A Doll's House Random House Webster's dictionary defines a foil as "a person or thing that makes another seem better by contrast."   This essay will focus on the use of the foil to contrast another character. The characters of Nora and Mrs. Linde provide an excellent example of this literary device. Mrs. Linde's aged, experienced personality is the perfect foil for Nora's childish nature. Mrs. Linde's hard life is used to contrast the frivolity and sheltered aspects of Nora's life. Nora's optimism and belief in things improbable is an opposite to the rationality and down-to-earth mentality of Mrs. Linde. Finally, the rekindling of the flame between Mrs. Linde and Krogstad is a direct contrast to the burning down of Nora and Torvald's "doll's house." Whereas one can see Mrs. Linde as mature and world-weary, one can easily read the character Nora as immature and childlike; one of the first examples of this immaturity and childishness can be found in the first few pages. Nora has come in from a day of shopping and in these excerpts we can see her child-like manner while interacting with her husband, Torvald: Nora:  Ã‚   Oh yes, Torvald, we can squander a little now. Can't we? Just a tiny, wee bit. Now that you've got a big salary and are going to make piles and piles of money. (Ibsen Ibsen 27-29) With this excerpt, we see a child-like attitude not only in Nora's manner of speaking with the statement "Just a tiny, wee bit," but also in her attitude toward money and the unrealistic expectations of making "piles and piles of money." The following example also shows Nora's childish manner in her personal interactions with her husband. Her manner seems more like that of a favorite daughter, acc... ...77. Ibsen. New York: Macmillan. Davies, H. Neville. 1982. "Not just a bang and a whimper: the inconclusiveness of Ibsen's A Doll's House." Critical Quarterly 24:33-34. Durbach, Errol. A Doll's House: Ibsen's Myth of Transformation. Boston: Twayne, 1991. Heiberg, Hans. Ibsen. A Portrait of the Artist. Coral Gables, Florida: University of Miami. 1967. Ibsen , Henrik.   A Doll's House. Dover Thrift Edition, 1992 Northam, John. 1965. "Ibsen's Search for the Hero." Ibsen. A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. Solomon, Barbara H., ed. Rediscoveries: American Short Stories by Women, 1832-1916. New York: Penguin Group, 1994. Templeton, Joan. "Is A Doll House a Feminist Text?" (1989). Rpt. In Meyer. 1635-36. Templeton, Joan. "The Doll House Backlash: Criticism, Feminism, and Ibsen." PMLA (January 1989): 28-40.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

MBA Capstone: Team Charter

Your instructor will review this information to approve your business idea. Our product is a neighborhood market dedicated to organic groceries, education of customers with regard to organic and CEO-friendly growing of food, and commitment to organic vendors. Our concept will solve the issue of companies claiming to be organic when they are truly not. Will educate the public with tips and tricks on how to get the best produce from within their own gardening as well. Our solution is unique because while we will also be selling local produce, we also want to strengthen the community to rely more heavily on their own supply as well.The intended target audience will include a small community of people who are parents, teachers, students and leaders wanting to help make better food choices for themselves and future generations. Coles (Community; Organic; Local; Environment) Market is a community market with a passion for providing organic produce and groceries in a modern environment. Uti lizing produce from only local earth-friendly farmers, our goal is to bring the freshest, healthiest food to our community with the highest regard for our ecological system.We strive to play a part in reducing the impact of our lifestyles on the world tit other species and future generations. We are fully devoted to continued education about organic farming, community health and education and environmental preservation. Ill. Team Management Plan This section defines how the team will allocate assignments and talents a) Team Leadership: One person will be named the team/project leader to provide overall leadership and continuity to the project.Your team leader will be: Karen Lothrop b) Deliverable Management: Each deliverable will be assigned a component Manager. In the case of larger teams, you may assign more than one person to a deliverable. In the case of smaller teams, the team lead may also have to take on the role of a component lead too. The level of effort required for compo nents will vary depending on your business idea. Review the business plan rubric to gain a sense of the amount of content required to help you balance your team's workload with your skills, interests, and your specific business idea.List your component managers in the table. Deliverable Due Date Manager Assigned Team Charter With Business Description Industry Analysis week 3 Deanna Miles Marketing Plan Wee k 4 Operations Plan week 5 Lakeside Williams/Karen Lothrop Financial Plan week 6 Presentation (Team) As scheduled Karen Lothrop/ Doddering Westbrook Final Plan (Team) week 8 c) Skills Inventory: Identify each team member's personal, professional, and academic strengths and weaknesses in the table.We will also keep in touch between calls by way of the Team B Discussion thread and through email. Agenda items will be sent through emails and posted in Doc Sharing. How will you keep track of different drafts (versions) of the same document? Documents will be shared via email and posted in Doc Sharing. Charlie Win will maintain master copies with revisions. Describe how your team will manage conflict. Potential Conflict Recommended Solution Member misses a meeting case by case. Member cannot be reached Multiple methods to be used include; email, text, phone. If no response, team to decide. Member does not complete work on time Member will be reported to professor and get unfavorable Peer Review.Member work is unsatisfactory Member drops the course Their work will be re-distributed among other members. Member has an unavoidable emergency that delays work Other team members will pick up the work to assist for valid emergencies. Otherwise, How will you resolve minor disagreements? Through vote of entire team. Who rules for major disagreements?team leader or majority rule? Majority rule. How will you use the Peer Review at the end of the course? What are the consequences of unsatisfactory performance? Peer Review to be favorable for all members that have participated and contributed. Unsatisfactory performance will et a vote of other members to include possible recommendation to Professor of reduction of individual's course grade. College is temporarily offline or class time is cancelled Communication will be maintained through alternate methods such as email, phone calls, etc. Other potential conflict Create a list of rules to help you collaborate as a team, including expectations about meetings, communication, course work, conflict resolution, and so on, based on other elements of this charter. All team members are expected to participate in meetings whenever possible (the Team understands scheduling conflicts will arise from time to time). All members are required to ‘carry their weight' and perform their allocated portions of the course work. Course work sections will be assigned based on each members' sign up for their areas of expertise/interest.Critical Success Factors Reason for Importance Steps Taken to Ensure Attainment Contracti ng with local organic growers and vendors To assure our store will be able to offer the type and variety of products that customers expect Contracting with numerous suppliers for each product line. Rotating purchasing among these vendors. Retail foot traffic generation To insure a consistent flow of customers Well planned and executed marketing and advertising campaigns. Community involvement to build our brand. VI'. Commitment Each team member is to write an individual commitment statement. If onsite, each team member will sign his or her commitment statement. Deanna Miles – My commitment to this group is to make sure we get the Job done and to get it right. I also commit to participate somehow in all group meetings. Lastly I will listen and be up for the ideas and concerns of my group members. Charles Win –

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Immune system

Chapter 1: IntroductionTypically, the immune system can spot between â€Å"self† and â€Å"not self† and onslaughts merely those tissues that it recognizes as â€Å"not self† . This is often the preferable reaction, but non ever. Autoimmune upsets are diseases produced by the organic structure doing an inappropriate immune reaction hostile to its ain tissues ( American Association for Clinical Chemistry 2009 ) . The immune system will halt placing one or more of the organic structure ‘s normal parts as â€Å"self† and will make ‘autoantibodies ‘ , which attack its ain cells and systems. Systematic Lupus Erythematosus is an inflammatory autoimmune disease of unspecified etiology, and is characterized by a wide assortment of symptoms ( Herrmann, Voll & A ; Kalden 2000, Rudich & A ; Zerman et.al. 2008, Olowu 2007, Hansen, Heipe, & A ; Dorner 2007 ) . Lupus can be triggered by legion agencies and can show itself in a bewildering figure of way s, even to the extent of miming other diseases such as arthritic arthritis or multiple induration. Although Lupus affects many variety meats some of the more common symptoms are utmost weariness, joint hurting, the devastation of critical variety meats, every bit good as musculus achings ( The Lupus Site 2009 ) . Symptoms of Lupus can look and decline with clip, and they vary from individual to individual ; symptoms of Lupus can escalate with flare-ups, but these can besides unclutter up. Outbursts may be triggered by alterations in the patient ‘s wellness position, such as physical or emotional stressors and/or by outside stimulations. Lupus is non a normally discussed disease, although it has been said that it is more common than leukaemia, muscular dystrophy, and multiple induration. It is estimated that 30,000-50,000 people in the United Kingdom have Lupus, of which 90 % of its sick persons are female ( Lupus UK 2005 ) . Based on fieldwork, Internet posters, and published documents on unsure diseases, this paper examines ways in which sick persons attempt to derive diagnosings. I turn to the corporate online action, where users grapple with the systemic nature of wellness attention denial ; they discuss wellness attention, and utilize these treatments to make tactics that the weak can utilize in response to the domination of the medical system. However, because of the pervasiveness and uncertainness of the unwellness, the biomedical facts are susceptible to being framed and reframed by participants in these treatments. Lupus characterized by great uncertainness sing etiology, diagnosing and intervention ; it is an emergent disease, in that it is researched in the medical community, discussed and reported on on occasion, nevertheless it is non settled upon in respects to diagnosis. There are many structural features of Lupus, and these should be taken into history, as they play major functions in on-line treatments and methods of get bying with the disease. First, Systemic Lupus Erythmatosus is a chronic status, and portions with other chronic conditions, the inability of suiting into acute disease theoretical accounts of intervention, the ill function, and wellness attention. Second, Lupus is a biological status that is fraught with mental features ; and due to this it is frequently misdiagnosed as a mental status. This is added onto the fact that the oncoming of lupus is contested as to societal, familial, or toxic finding ; precisely what causes the oncoming of the disease is unknown. Lupus is therapeutically diverse, how people treat their status and what therapies that are used are varied. There are common drugs that are prescribed one time diagnosed, including a batch of steroids, nevertheless alternate medicine is broad unfastened. Lupus is a disease that is characterized by fuzzed boundaries and is cross-linked to other unwellnesss and complaints as misguided diagnosing. And eventually Lupus can be lawfully volatile ; conditions can be caught up in legal conflicts and extended administrative cataloging. When seeking disablement position, it can be applied at a caprice ; it is a extremely contested position, as the disease is an ‘invisible disease ‘ . A late diagnosed patient best summarizes the structural conditions listed above: â€Å" I was late diagnosed with lupus, I sometimes wonder why the physicians could n't hold found it earlier now. It has been 3 old ages since my first symptoms. I knew that something was non right. I was misdiagnosed with several complaints and was get downing to believe it was all in my caput or that I was doing it up. It ‘s amusing how you even get down to doubt yourself. But something told me to maintain delving maintain take a firm standing that something has to be incorrect. I feel so much better now that I know what it is I am confronting. It is the unknown that is scary.† Many lupus patients frequently say they feel like hypochondriacs when sing their physician because of all the minor symptoms that they want to describe. It can be a long, difficult route to acquire a diagnosing and it ‘s easy to desire to give up. Sometimes, even their households begin to oppugn whether there is anything truly incorrect. Diagnosis is one of the few ways that sick persons feel that they can derive legitimacy in the eyes of society, a manner in which they can accommodate the ill function with a solid backup to it. Suiting into society and the topographic point that Lupus sick persons have within society frequently leads to a automatic theorizing about society, which will be touched on later in the paper. As with many emergent, contested unwellnesss, the societal job is the seemingly intractable uncertainness at each bend. There are ever excessively many facts, excessively many symptoms to name, and non plenty research done. The battle to acquire diagnosed therefo re depends disproportionately on the little sum of research and promotion of the disease ; and many sick persons feel that they are consistently excluded from the medical system. Beck has shown how life in modern society necessitates the demand to hold a ‘do it yourself ‘ attitude. The corporate histories of experiences with physicians online let for a creative activity of a tool-kit to conflict against the changeless denial of the sick-role. In the balance of this paper, I will utilize the online forums among sick persons to analyze what they have learned in order to populate and speak strategically in the medical system, in society, and in the household puting that invariably denies them their unwellness, and the tactics that are used.Chapter 2: MethodsThis chapter is dedicated to discoursing the methods used to make the transcripts that shaped the foundation for the analysis of lupus sick persons ‘ battle for acknowledgment and methods of covering with the denia l of the ill function. In peculiar, this chapter will turn to the lineation for the readying of the interviews, how the marks were reached, and the ethical issues that were met. I will besides explicate the procedural grounds behind utilizing the online forums and questionnaires as the underpinning of the survey, every bit good as the restrictions that these beginnings provided. The usage of critical descriptive anthropology for this undertaking was cardinal in constructing a better apprehension of unwellness as a societal and biological fact. Systematic Lupus Erythematosus is an unwellness that is beset with medical and societal stigma, an unwellness that is surrounded by uncertainness, and is frequently referred to as an ‘invisible disease ‘ ; which is discussed in the undermentioned chapters. The chief purpose of research was to look at how sick persons were talking about their experiences with Systematic Lupus Erythematosus and how they were discoursing their jobs and tactics together in a public forum. In order to turn to this, the primary informations used are in-depth interviews conducted with Lupus sick persons, their household members, and assorted usage of on-line treatment groups. I turned to online action in order to follow how the highly systemic character of medical denial can be archived, argued and used to make tactics against thi s really denial. The posters in the forums are public commentary with no entree limitations and are frequently personal narratives about fighting with acquiring diagnosed. The majority of the information for this undertaking came from posters such as this, and was spread between three chief yarn subjects ‘Living with Lupus ‘ , ‘Not Diagnosed Yet? ‘ and ‘Symptoms ‘ , as there are over 53,000 positions and 9000 posters. Use of these on-line beginnings opened up the sum of people I could make in respects to my research. Data for this undertaking was collected between the months of April 2009 and August 2009, from life history interviews, online questionnaires, on-line treatment groups, every bit good as participant observation from support group meetings. There was no effort at reaching people separately in order to take part in these surveies, nevertheless the online community was given the chance to reach me if they wished to take part in the survey. Preparation for the interviews was undertaken through shoping the online forums and analysing which subjects were looking the most in posters. From the subjects that appeared the most through out the togss I created a synonym finder of common footings, this synonym finder was used to code the conversations that were held on the togss. Equally good as analyzing through the togss I undertook big readings of scientific diaries on the topic of Lupus. This was done in order to derive background cognition on the topic, to derive utile ushers prior to furthe r research, and to entree informations that already exists from past research on Lupus. Attention was paid to the quality and cogency of beginning stuffs by utilizing assorted paperss published by different bureaus. Internet informations such as Google Scholar, JSTOR, PubMed, and Academic Search Complete provided me with a wide hunt country to acquire a assortment of Lupus paperss published. Particular attention was besides taken into looking at the research that sick persons were posting on the Lupus web site, of which there were merely 72 stations available on the UK Lupus web site. Reading these paperss, analysing the on-line posters, and taking attention to observe what the responses were to these on-line stations formatted the footing for all interview inquiries. Fieldwork was cultivated through contact with the decision maker of a UK based Lupus support web site. It was through this medium that I garnered permission to post a description of my research ; which allowed me to reply inquiries environing the usage of my research, and on the content of my research. The bulk of my sources were Lupus sick persons, although a few participants were the household members of those diagnosed with Lupus. Those that were included in the response had all been diagnosed with Lupus, although there was a big community of online users that were in contact that had symptoms of the disease, but yet were non diagnosed. Peoples that were included in the undertaking were all 1s that had been officially diagnosed with Lupus or their household members, this was non a de-legitimization of those who were non officially diagnosed, but those that volunteered their life histories and replies were those that had been officially diagnosed. The interviews were set up after r eaching a big database of lupus sick persons, which were followed up with posters on the online forum. Interviews ranged from one to three hours long, which were followed up upon with the persons at subsequently day of the months. Following the interviews with Lupus sick persons, I formulated an online questionnaire that people could make full out anonymously, this method allowed me to include those that did n't desire to take part in interviews, but still wished to show their positions on the research subject. Questions that were posted online were wide open-ended inquiries, which were used with the purposes of acquiring respondents to give a greater history of their experiences and jobs. This on-line questionnaire was posted by my research proposal, on the online forum, every bit good as circulated via electronic mail to assorted Lupus sick persons. Regular users and intermediate users of the site all had entree to my research proposal, which got over 600 reads after posting. By posting up my research proposal I allowed for the participants of the survey to cognize precisely what I was research, and how I wanted to accomplish these ends. It besides allowed them to subject inquiries and general enquiries, this feedback that I received from sources have been fed back into my research and developed the findings presented here. Having already touched really briefly the ethical concerns earlier, it would look practical to turn to them at this point. Covering with informations that concerns persons ‘ lives means that allowing namelessness to the individuality of the person and anyone else they may advert is a main concern. Permission for my research was given by the UK Lupus website decision maker, and although this permission was given officially I besides the purposes and aims of my research accessible and clear by posting my proposal for sing anterior to engagement in the research undertaking. Persons besides gave their countenance prior to questioning and were made aware of the right to retreat their part at any phase. Transcripts of the interviews have been made for my ain usage but to protect the individuality of the participants the anonym they used online were kept. Anything that the participants wanted to retreat in hindsight was besides taken into history. For the posters in the three above-na med togss no consent was taken, as all subscribers use anonym. The usage of anonym at times can be a drawback in the research, as these give no indicant of their societal position, their sex, or their age.Chapter 3: Literature Reappraisal:â€Å"Truth is to be understood as a system of ordered processs for the production, ordinance, distribution, circulation, and operation of statements.† Michael Foucault The foundations of medical anthropology are legion, but some of the most influential beginnings are the physical anthropologist ‘s research in development, version and other domains, the ethnographic wonder in witchery and thaumaturgy, the partnership of anthropologists and psychologists during the wartime period, and eventually the international public wellness motion that occurred after World War II ( Foster & A ; Anderson 1978 ) . Following from World War II, the survey of ‘popular and modern medical specialty ‘ became an of import country of research, with comparings between modern biomedicine used in the western universe and the ethno-medicine beginning to rule the medical anthropology sphere ( Bendix 1967, Foster & A ; Anderson 1978, Press 1978, & A ; Simmons 1955 ) . History, clip, and procedures within societies have frequently been combined into one overarching class ; nevertheless Hagiographas from Evans-Pritchard have drawn attending to the integrity of a nthropology and history when discoursing societal orders, and these societal orders can non be analyzed without cognition refering its ‘internal kineticss ‘ ( Comaroff & A ; Comaroff 1992 ) . Put merely all societies are involved in procedures with multiple constituents, elements which create a societal environment, and these constituents engage human histrions and different bureaus in a dialectical relationship ( Comaroff & A ; Comaroff 1992 ) . Ethno-medicine and disease etiologies acknowledge and incorporate input from assorted beginnings, including â€Å"economic, familial, ritual, moral and other institutional sectors† ( Press 1978:71 ) , whereas the modern ( biomedicine ) can be seen as a â€Å"closed system, ‘based on exactly defined cognition, technique and processs, all of which are discontinuous from ordinary societal process'† ( Press 1978:71 ) . â€Å"Human life can non be studied without taking into history both how persons are situated within and constrained by societal constructions and how those persons construct an apprehension of and enforce intending on the universe around them† ( Dressler 2001:455 ) . Explanatory theoretical accounts of unwellness ( EM ) are a set of beliefs which provide people with ways of believing about manners of and theoretical accounts for world, they create order and significance ; this set of beliefs is constructed non by a civilization, but by persons ( Young 1982 ) . Illness can be seen as a procedure through which disease is given socially identifiable significances ( Crandon 1983, Young 1982, Foulks 1978 ) . The manner in which people describe their societal universe through medical specialty is a contemplation of political and economic worlds of the clip ; it shows the significance of cultural dealingss ( Crandon 1986 ) . Cultural individuality can impact straight the type of unwellness believed to hold ( Crandon 1983 [ B ] , Last 1990, Press 1978, Simmons 1955 and others ) , and therefore affects the type of intervention that people are seeking. The medicative system utilised can go a cultural sphere from which people negotiate their individuality, â€Å"medical political orientation is a peculiarly powerful instrument through which certain sorts of dialogue take topographic point ; specifically those refering to cultural individuality, how people define themselves and others and their ain relationships to others† ( Crandon 1983 [ A ] :79 ) . There are three chief ways that person seeks intervention: â€Å"self-treatment, intervention by a curer, or intervention by medical doctors† ( Reeve 2000:102 ) , and these picks are made based upon the gravitation of the unwellness every bit good as the type of intervention that is required ( for either societal grounds, or the cause of the unwellness ) . Within these methods of intervention, there are countries of convergence and intermingling. Medical systems, while of import indexs of political and economic state of affairss, and a duologue of cultural dealingss, should be grappled with non merely as systems of idea, but as thought-in-use ( Worsley 1982 ) . In short, medical beliefs play an of import function in the daily lives ; they have historical significance, influence behavior, form cultural individuality, and represent a dialectical relationship with a huge scope of agents. The hurting that is experienced by persons is influenced to a great extent by their personality, societal and cultural background, every bit good as the doctor-patient interaction ( Rudich et. al 2008 ) . The manner in which the organic structure, unwellness, and hurting are understood is under direct influence of emotions, which is shown in images of the operation organic structure politic and societal organic structure ( Lock 1993, Scheper-Hughes & A ; Lock 1987 ) . It has been argued that it is virtually â€Å"impossible to free powerful human experiences of metaphor, of cultural representation ( although it is, of class, both possible and in many instances necessary to alter the images and significances of illness, hurting, and enduring ) †¦that the hypostatization of unwellness ( as disease entirely ) is a signifier of self-alienation, of false consciousness† ( Scheper-Hughes & A ; Lock 1986:138 ) .Covering with confusion and uncertainnessâ€Å"The I in unwellness i s isolation, and the important letters in health are we† ( Author Unknown ) . One Latin adage pronounces, â€Å"illness shows us what we are† , this is seen in ethno-anatomical perceptual experiences, which give rich ethnographic stuff on the societal and cultural facets of being human, on wellness and ailment wellness, and on the societal experiences that we are believed to hold. â€Å"The ways in which the organic structure is received and experienced in wellness and illness are, of class, extremely variable† ( Scheper-Hughes & A ; Lock 1987:7 ) , which can be seen particularly in respects to autoimmune upsets where the organic structure is perceived to be assailing itself, it is a extremely individualized experience. Lupus is an crippling immunological upset, which is frequently hard to name, as there is no nonsubjective trial for it. It ‘s a disease that ‘s non-objective, changing in clip, and ill-defined. Illness in the context of a dislocation of the immune system enables it to suit all unwellnesss ; therefore, the unwellness is both an single unwellness, different for each individual, but besides corporate and a common syndrome. The immune system allows the explanatory system to finally flexible. The immune system besides was an overall account, warranting why it was that there are so adult male different unwellnesss and illness experiences. The immune system was damaged: with each individual reacting to this diminished immune system in different ways, stressing the singularity of the unwellness for each person. â€Å"Human life can non be studied without taking into history both how persons are situated within and constrained by societal constructions and how those persons construct an apprehension of and enforce intending on the universe around them† ( Dressler 2001:455 ) . Explanatory theoretical accounts of unwellness ( EM ) are a set of beliefs which provide people with ways of believing about manners of and theoretical accounts for world, they create order and significance ; this set of belie fs is constructed non by a civilization, but by persons ( Young 1982 ) . Illness can be seen as a procedure through which disease is given socially identifiable significances ( Crandon 1983, Young 1982, Foulks 1978 ) . For these grounds one of the chief concerns throughout fieldwork was the relationship between acquiring diagnosed and deriving societal legitimacy, as, frequently without this diagnosing people are at hazard of being denied the societal acknowledgment of being sick and accused of ‘faking it ‘ . One user relates her issues of merely desiring her diagnosing to go on: I ‘m rather nervous of traveling to my physician and stating that I ‘ve seeking to self diagnose on the cyberspace because I know that ‘s non a good thing to make, but I merely want to cognize that I ‘m non a hypochondriac or that I ‘m non traveling huffy. Each clip I search yet another virus/pain/problem, the word lupus frequently appears. I go to my physicians normally to be told I ‘m run down, I ‘m down, my blood trials are by and large all right so nil to worry approximately. This accusal of forging it is felt among many sick persons ; and as a consequence on-line communicating becomes a utile tool in combating this accusal. Online forums are utilized as a soapbox, users take the clip to try to educate others in their experiences, and what was successful for them in the conflict for diagnosing. The usage of biomedical facts, the certification of unwellness symptoms that are seeable, and utilizations of diaries to document hurting are frequently sited as ways to derive entree to the socially acceptable ill function, to derive diagnosing. These tips, schemes, biomedical facts, and shared medical articles can be seen over and over once more in a assortment of forums. The hurting that is experienced by persons is influenced to a great extent by their personality, societal and cultural background, every bit good as the doctor-patient interaction ( Rudich et. al 2008 ) . I am ready for bed but wanted to post speedy with a update from my assignment today†¦.for the biopsy he told me that he will non make a biopsy as they truly do non demo much OK, so I proceed to courteously dispute him and state him about The Lupus Site, my friends here, the narratives I have read about skin biopsy ‘s that clearly show a batch and are really helpful to help in diagnosing or at least aid to paint a clearer image. He did non like that really much and reminded me that in fact he was the M.D. , non me. †¦So the lesson of the narrative here is I pissed off the physician today because he was merely a grandiloquent know it all who in my low sentiment did non make his occupation and disregarded the petitions of my Rheumy. When I got place I called my Rheumy and left a message for him to name me back and discourse this. I know that he will non be happy and the war between physicians will get down The obvious inanity of enduring from unwellness and the biomedical speculation of reason will be addressed in the context of long-run chronic unwellnesss, such as lupus. Bing rejected by physicians if one does n't suit into the ideal ill function is frequently a common experience, as one sick person here relates: Over the following twosome of hebdomads the lay waste toing giddiness and gesture illness returned ( which would subsequently go forth me incapable of driving a auto for over a month ) and I could n't even sit in a auto without acquiring ill. I told the following physician I was scared I had chronic EBV, and handed him my labs. He took one expression at them and threw them off. Literally, he threw them off in the rubbish can. He said, your EBV panel shows no active disease, but merely consequences of person who had mono in the yesteryear. This was the first clip I learned the lesson that physicians were n't ever right†¦.the back of my head for so many old ages I knew my issues were acquiring worse and hated that the doctor ever merely dismissed it. Lupus sick persons ever start from a point of view of uncertainness, no 1 seems to recognize what is go oning, and many have non even heard of Lupus until official diagnosing. There is a clear cognition that something is non right with their organic structures, and their unwellness symptoms go a utile narrative when they come into contact with others who are sing the same issues. The oncoming of Lupus is frequently merely a list of symptoms to sick persons, a chronology of failures, and things that they can no longer do ; and it seems in many instances that these symptoms do non do sense, they are non cohesive or comprehendible. Explanations that are given to sick persons are frequently non satisfactory ; they are either discharged, or are still holding symptoms that they believe are non answered by the diagnosing given to them. Searching for an account, or merely to farther explain physicians ‘ accounts and readings, many stumble upon on-line forums. It can be seen as Kirmayer ( 2000 ) has shown, that the clinical state of affairs is based on the usage of medical linguistic communication, as parties, lupus sick persons and physicians, effort to convert the other of their unwellness. For many, this deficiency of certainty, populating with an unknown disease, or an undiagnosed unwellness led to different ways of research. Once on-line, and shoping through the forums on lupus, if they managed to happen them, many feel a sense of self-recognition. The narrations that are available online are unusually similar to their ain, and the experiences begin to do sense. As Kilshaw points out â€Å"this minute can be seen as what Dilthey has referred to as an ‘impression point ‘ , a freshly inspired reading of one ‘s life reflecting a cardinal displacement in personal meaning† ( Kilshaw 2004: 152 ) . Sufferers begin to see their unwellnesss as a medical issue, and no longer believe that it is a psychological upset ; they are armed with medical accounts to speak to their physicians about. This medicalization allows for a agency of assisting those enduring through the building of their ain personal narrations, which help to do sense out of what they are populating through. Forums can frequently take the signifier of a sick person naming off symptoms, to see if anyone else is sing the same issues. This can be seen many times over, and is illustrated by this user: I am enduring from widespread ahces/pains, some sever all chronic, utmost enfeebling weariness, encephalon fog attach toing address troubles, IBS, blood force per unit area runs on norm anyplace from 82/47-95/53, labs ever ‘off ‘ high sed, white cell up, ANA wonky, assorted peripheral neuropathes, eccentric toe/leg spasms, continueous chills/low basal organic structure temperature, fingers turn red/white sensitive and injury when cool, vision deteriorating, blurring†¦.This last, what I call ‘flare ‘ , I had sudden onset high febrility, pleurisy, little white blisters on my fingers that eventually peeled, I work 12hr displacements and on my off yearss I literally slept round the clock and did perfectly nil else†¦ nil, except preserve energy for my following tally at my job†¦.I ‘m sorry this has been so long. I do n't believe I ‘ve of all time sat down and set it on ‘paper ‘ before. I ‘m non certain I wrote it all dow n, ya ‘ll cognize how that goes. I likely missed some stuff..my dry eyes, see..I keep thought of small things. I do n't believe it ‘s hypochondria? There is a barter of symptoms and they discuss the results of these, and ways to document and maintain path of the symptoms. As Kilshaw demonstrates, it is â€Å"through duologue these individual events or experiences are linked together, held up and understood as pathological† ( 2004: 153 ) ; the belief is no longer based on a psychological disease, something that is merely in their caput. The illness narrative provides coherency and legitimacy to the experience of the sick persons, the corporate action online orders and provides significance for the sick persons experiences of pandemonium and falling apart. And at the same clip, the person is supplying support for the corporate, as it is an add-on to the narrative. Lupus is a known status, although it is a obscure 1 that is highly difficult to name, which can in instances add a different dimension to the on-line narration. Because the trials are non conclusive, and many of the trials are non able to name the disease straight off the chiropteran, the narrations that are posted in the online forums frequently provide construction and weight to the unwellness. There are infinite stations in the forums that reading the on-line lists of symptoms, and on-line narrations of other sick persons provided more legitimacy to their cause, the fact that so many other people are traveling through what they are allows them to believe that it is n't a instance of â€Å"faking it† . One adult female here relates her experience, including her symptoms, and societal jobs when combating with the disease: I ‘m a 42 twelvemonth old adult female merely looking for hints and for person to state me I ‘m non losing it. I may be manner off the grade here but I came across this site a piece ago while seeking the cyberspace in my effort to do sense of all my unwellnesss. Each clip I search yet another virus/pain/problem, the word lupus frequently appears. I go to my physicians normally to be told I ‘m run down, I ‘m down, my blood trials are by and large all right so nil to worry approximately. But this twelvemonth entirely I ‘ve had tonsillitis 4 times, 3 UTIs, thrush a just few times, otitis interna, a flu-like unwellness ( which I ‘m still retrieving from ) , a HPV flair up and on top of that I have, and have had for ages, invariably bombinating ears, painful articulatio genuss, little dry sore spots of tegument with a big spot of something bumpy, flakey and scabby on the dorsum of my caput ( yuk ) . I besides have a thrombocyte map upset which was disco vered because I bruise easy and had really heavy periods, I ended up holding a hysterectomy because nil else worked. If I go farther back than this twelvemonth I ‘ve besides had things such as herpes zosters, pleurisy, vermilion febrility ( ! ) , glandular febrility and a big assortment of viral unwellnesss with no name. I have ungratified leg syndrome and I quite regularly get truly bad shoulder hurting in my left shoulder that lasts for hebdomads and injuries to take a breath even. I do take antidepressants because I do acquire depression but certainly all of my unwellnesss ca n't be because I ‘m run down and depressed.I besides worry that my employers will finally lose forbearance with me. After reading people ‘s experiences on here I understand that what I ‘m enduring is n't half every bit bad as what others live with, nevertheless does any of this sound familiar? Is it possible that all of my unwellnesss could be related and due to a status such as lupus? I ‘m rather nervous of traveling to my physician and stating that I ‘ve seeking to self diagnose on the cyberspace because I know that ‘s non a good thing to make, but I merely want to cognize that I ‘m non a hypochondriac or that I ‘m non traveling mad. Adding to and imputing to the online Lupus narrative consequences in the single deriving an individuality and a community of people that they can associate to, it releases them from the isolation that is frequently felt when combating to acquire diagnosed. It provides a sense of coherence to the experience of pandemonium, through this duologue their single narrative becomes clearer to the sick person, it is legitimized. Although the disease is felt otherwise for each user, the narrations that are created online are consistent narrations, one that is able to integrate different necessities and experiences. Corporate sharing of information is one primary intent of a societal motion. These persons used to experience stray and entirely, they were confronting down the medical establishments that were built to assist ; they are now able to pull from the corporate online experience in order to assist them voyage these establishments.Contending for acknowledgmentPulling upon work done by Jos eph Dumit, Alan Young, and Susie Kilshaw, one can see how people are understanding, sing and utilizing their organic structures as opposition to the positivism of biomedicine. The squeeze of variable symptoms into unusually bantam bureaucratic holes requires run intoing the demands of 1s variableness into often-strict demands of the judgements of the experts. My current nurse practician scheduled me to see a nurse practician working at a Rheumatology office. My assignment included a history of symptoms, which at the clip were non that varied, but still included developing joint hurting, and even more increased weariness. I told her that I had a feeling it was Lupus, but I had no existent difficult grounds behind me except for one lab consequence, a bad memory of physicians assignment, and an internal inherent aptitude shouting the reply. The corporate sharing of personal narrations helped in the opposition of psychological incrimination and psychological responses. Because Lupus is such a enfeebling immunological upset, it is really hard to name ; this leads to psychological diagnosing ‘s, which can weaken the claim to the ill function, sick persons are invariably holding to work towards converting friends, household and coworkers that their unwellness is existent, legitimate and enfeebling. Bing able to carry through the ill function is of import to many people with Lupus, because there are frequently no codifications for their agony, no speedy diagnosing for their diseases, and no seeable complaints of the disease they are frequently subjected to judgements of forging and indolence. Trying to pull off and keep a ill function in society is near to impossible when 1 is being flatly denied being ill by the physicians that sick persons are seeing. There is a go throughing off of patients, from physician to sophis ticate as the Lupus sick person attempts to acquire diagnosing. Deriving entree to a diagnosing frequently gives the patient cogent evidence of agony, as psychological diagnosing weakens their claim to the ill function in society. One sick person relates the sum of physicians visited in their conflict for diagnosing: I saw my GP in June after several months of fatigue. By the clip I saw him a roseola had developed and I was holding shuddering febrilities at dark and had swollen secretory organs in my neck†¦.I was referred to a skin doctor who diagnosed urticarial vasculitis†¦.Since so I ‘ve been seeking different drug governments ; presently on loratidine, fexofenadine, Atarax and Zantac. After a class of steroids my tegument is great. I gave nevertheless developed hiting strivings at random topographic points, normally my custodies and pess, and intoxicant gives me febrility symptoms. My skin doctor has referred me to a rheumatologist and eye doctor ( my eyes on occasion show marks of uveitis ) . My GP has advised that in visible radiation of my symptoms and positive car antibodies ( DNA, Ro and La ) I about surely have SLE. One must account for unwellness under the biomedical system, and this requires go toing to both the ways in which the scientific facts are circulated and used, and the ways in which these same facts are used in societal experiences, how they are used, controlled, and subjugated. Dumit shows how through many doctor-patient interactions there is a comined consequence of discourse of disease to bring forth ‘symbolic domination ‘ ; patients see this â€Å"as a system in which they must ‘prove ‘ their unwellness and their agony through mobilising facts† ( 2005:577 ) . However, corporate wisdom of single experiences offers a powerful manner of opposition to this sort of power. When a physician can non call the unwellness after series of trials and scrutinies, many people come to believe of the patient as non truly being ill, and non truly enduring. This is a clear instance in Lupus, as it is both difficult to name, and has really few seeable symptoms. The hur ting that is felt is something that can non be seen, nevertheless it is frequently described as debilitating. And there are instances, that even if one does accomplish diagnosing of lupus through the physician, and therefore has legitimate entree to the ill function through that means, friends, household and colleagues for the sheer ground that it is non a seeable disease deny them entree. Following these denials, sick persons now have a tool chest that they can entree in the signifier of the online forums. There are set out letters that can be used to show the feelings and sentiments of Lupus sick persons, both a missive to household and friends that is vouched for, every bit good as a narrative called the Spoon Story. All these efforts at account and taking portion in the medical system is to accomplish some sense of proper function in society. The ill function has specific demands, and these demands are frequently capable to alter and use.Many sick persons have rejected their nor mal ego, as because they are inveterate sick, they have a immense desire to return to when they were healthy, being invariably denied the ill function in society has immense effects on their sense of individuality and ego. Many sick persons were busy persons, who held normal occupations, and have now become isolated from friends and household, many of whom doubt the unwellness. The undermentioned sick person relates to being ostracized by those who are close to her: Keeping it off paper saved me when I moved, changed occupations and needed to remake my insurance. Now I ‘m in a different part, different rheumy [ sic ] and my status has deteriorated†¦ Now a diagnosing on paper would be a good thing! ! ! The ground for my sudden urgency in acquiring a diagnosing is my occupation. My concern is that mine is more of a CNS type because of the troubles I have with words/speech. I have a hold sometimes in my thought procedure and more and more in acquiring the connexion between acquiring the words to/from the encephalon to the oral cavity. I ‘m non believing every bit rapidly as I need to. Part of my occupation is 911. I have to be able to think/speak or acquire a diagnosing explicating why I can non. Something that says it is merely an achings and strivings, can sit in my chair and still travel my oral cavity sort of unwellness is non gon na [ sic ] help the following shriek company I answer†¦.The worst thing is I feel so bad that I happening it difficult to acquire up to travel into work which is sad as I love my occupation. I was attracted to the sight because everyone seems so supportive and I could make with some of that right now because everyone keeps stating me I look so good now I have developed a roseola – antecedently my face was pale. Therefore on-line communicating has several of import factors. First, the treatment groups are mentioning the media all the clip, it is one manner in which sick persons are maintaining each other informed to what is go oning in the populace sphere with their status. News articles, telecasting visual aspects, and current research documents are frequently cited and posted. This can be used to both rise consciousness, promote instruction about the disease, and as a utile forum to make statements in response to those articles that are n't suiting with the positions of those posting online. Second, the forum provides a safe oasis where self-depiction can take topographic point. Many sick persons of lupus are non all that easy to prosecute with face to face. They are excessively fast or excessively slow, excessively tired, agitated, pained or undependable. The Internet, with its asynchronism and bandwidth mediates this enormously leting fluid ‘normal ‘ communicating to take top ographic point. Online postings are able to demo their feelings, and non hold the judgmental point of view of physicians, friends, and household ; depression is non merely something that is psychological to them, it is something that is from the unwellness that has attacked their really ability to execute in society. For many sick persons of this unwellness, a common subject of treatment on every bit good as off the cyberspace concerns how a sick person should near their physician, instructions are given on how to dress, how to move, what to convey, and what symptoms they should associate to the most. These instructions are frequently accompanied by what the physician might state in response, or what tests they so might order, and what tests a individual should be forcing for in the physicians office. The sick persons are taking control of the state of affairs, and pull stringsing physicians into diagnosing ; but it has besides been seen that although physicians are inquiring inquir ies and giving responses, they are inquiring inquiries that elicit a response that the physician believes is right ( Dumit 2006 ) . The use of the clinical brush can be seen as walking a thin line, as if one does non make the portion convincingly plenty, they can be accused once more of forging it, of moving ailment ; nevertheless if they do non, there is a opportunity that they might non be considered sick at all. Therefore â€Å"their lone pick is to feign to be who they really are, in the establishment ‘s position. They must work at ‘achieving appropriate visual aspect ‘ and ‘look and act sick'† ( Dumit 2006: 586 ) . Sick persons frequently experience Lupus, as a contested disease, in the signifier of societal exclusion. Since the disease is so difficult to name, there is frequently a deficiency of attention and support for those with it. They deal with this uncertainness by giving the unwellness facts that they see on-line, and they frame them in medical footings, in order to extinguish this uncertainness and societal exclusion. The attendant treatments form the footing of changeless experimentation with schemes, tactics, individualities and relationships. They besides form treatments on the expected alternate therapies, referrals, and supply a topographic point for emotional support. The Internet, with its asynchronism and bandwidth mediates issues of being sick enormously, it allows those that are sick to move normal, and allows for an easy signifier of communicating. The issues that are addressed and the resources provided to the sick persons online provide the footing for the webs of little groups, and larger cyberspace communities, and allows for covering with mass media, in order to do life more liveable for sick persons. The Internet provides a community and offers alternate personal narrations, and schemes for lasting, giving emotional support to those that are in demand.

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

Notes About Note and Its Relations

Notes About Note and Its Relations Notes About Note and Its Relations Notes About Note and Its Relations By Mark Nichol Note (from the Latin noun nota, meaning â€Å"note,† and its verb form notare, meaning â€Å"to mark or note†) is one of those wallflower words that serves many functions and is the basis of numerous compounds. Here’s a rundown of its uses. The noun note has multiple senses: It refers to a condensed or informal record, a brief comment or explanation, or a comment or reference associated with a text passage. It may apply to an informal letter quickly dashed off, a brief, focused scholarly or technical essay, or a meticulously prepared diplomatic communication. (Various types of such documents include the note collective, the note diplomatique, and the note verbale.) In fiscal connotations, note might refer to a written promise to honor a debt (a promissory note is also called a note of hand), a piece of paper money (also called a banknote), or a corporate or government bond. Note also means simply â€Å"a piece of paper,† one on which a message has been written, and people frequently write or speak of producing a note of appreciation or a note of sympathy. It’s also the basis of notelet, the technical name for the format of the greeting card. Figurative senses are of a characteristic feature (such as when a wine is described as having â€Å"a note of oak†), an analogy to the tone or resonance of a communication or an event (for example, as used in the phrases â€Å"a note of regret† or â€Å"ended on a low note†). It also denotes distinction or reputation (as in â€Å"a personage of note†) and is used in such phrases as â€Å"taking note.† A note, too, is a symbol that identifies the length and pitch of a tone, as well as the sound itself. The adjective note-perfect refers to a flawless music performance, and something notable or noteworthy is deserving of attention. As a verb, note means â€Å"notice or pay attention,† or â€Å"say or write.† Note is combined with various other words to form compounds: notebook, notepad, notepaper (but â€Å"note card†). The act of recording information is note-taking. (The insertion of the hyphen serves to prevent the visual confusion engendered by notetaking, though the noun form notetaker does not align with that style.) Several open and closed compounds exist for fiscal terms of art, such as â€Å"note payable† and â€Å"note receivable,† â€Å"note broker,† and noteholder. Words and compounds derived from the Latin root include notary (from notarius, meaning â€Å"clerk† or â€Å"secretary†) and â€Å"notary public,† the phrase denoting an official witness to the signing of a legal document (sometimes shortened to notary; either â€Å"notary publics† or â€Å"notaries public† serves as the plural form). The associated verb and noun forms are notarize and notarization; the office or state of being a notary is notaryship, and the adjective is notarial. Latin phrases preserved in English usage include two signals for special attention: â€Å"nota bene† (â€Å"note well,† often abbreviated n.b.) and notandum (â€Å"something to be noted†). Meanwhile, notae tironianae (Latin for â€Å"Tironian notes†) is a system of shorthand said to have been invented by Marcus Tullius Tiro, scribe to Roman orator and statesman Cicero. Notation is any symbolic system for presenting information; notate and notative are the verb and adjectival forms. â€Å"Note of exclamation† and â€Å"note of interrogation† are alternatives to â€Å"question mark† and â€Å"exclamation point.† Closed compounds with note as the second element include headnote, sidenote, and footnote, which refer to comments or references formatted at the top, side, or bottom of a page. Sidenote and footnote are also used figuratively to refer, respectively, to a digression or a trivial role (a person who fails to achieve greatness or an incident of only passing significance might be identified as a footnote in history). Keynote, meanwhile, denotes the most important idea or part of something (often seen in reference to a presentation or a speech considered the highlight of a conference). I often use connote (â€Å"note with†) and denote (â€Å"thoroughly note†) in discussions of definitions: To connote is to imply or suggest, whereas to denote is to specifically indicate. (The noun forms are connotation and denotation.) These verbs supplanted the now-obsolete words connotate and denotate, but to annotate (â€Å"note to†) is to add comments or notes; the product of such an effort is an annotation. (Editions of literary works that provide contextual notes are described as annotated works.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:When to use "on" and when to use "in"Proved vs. ProvenMankind vs. Humankind

Monday, October 21, 2019

Ethical Problems and Solutions with Tylenol and Enron Essays

Ethical Problems and Solutions with Tylenol and Enron Essays Ethical Problems and Solutions with Tylenol and Enron Paper Ethical Problems and Solutions with Tylenol and Enron Paper Ethical Problems and Solutions With Ethylene and Enron I Many large corporations are often are faced with ethical issues that deterred-nine the success of the company. Two of the most famous companies that were faced with ethical dilemmas was Johnson and Johnson and Enron, One oftenest companies was able to deal with their ethical dilemma correctly and it saved the company, while the other company did not properly handle its ethical issues and it resulted in the collapse of the company. In the late sass Johnson and Johnson produced a pain killer called Ethylene. Ethylene was a very successful product in the LIST. Ethylene was responsible for Gig percent fashion Johnnys corporate profits during the first 3 quarters Of 1982. Ethylene was the major leader in the painkiller industry. On Wednesday, September 29, 1982 a sick girl in Illinois took an Extra-Strength Ethylene and later on in the evening was sick and rushed to the hospital which pronounced her dead. This girl was one of seven Chicago residents to die after taking the Extra Strength Ethylene. The following day ( Tuesday, September 30th) the executives of Ethylene where notified about the crisis. Johnson camp; Johnson, the maker of Ethylene, were faced with a huge ethical issue, people where dying trot their product and they had no idea why, should they pull all of the Ethylene products off the shelf in stores and suffer a major lose? Or should they play it out and see what happens? On Thursday afternoon, Johnson ; Johnson announced a recall to all Ethylene bottles that had the code number MCCABE. This meant that they had been manufactured at the companys Fort Washington factory. The Fort Washington plant had distributed in to all states east of the Mississippi River. On the same day the executives of Johnson and Johnson immediately alerted consumers across the nation, thought the media, not to consume any type of Ethylene product. On Friday September 31st, one day after the recall another person was found dead from the Ethylene. This persons Ethylene bottle had the lot number of 1801 MA this lot was not part of Talents original recall. Ethylene was now forced to recall all Of it Extra Straight Ethylene capsules, which it did. A major investigation was launched and it was determined that Ethylene capsules had been laced With cyanide. Johnson and Johnson further investigated into the matter and found that the Ethylene bottles hadnt been tampered with at the factories in which they were produced. This meant a person had taken the bottles from store, and filled them with poison and then returned them to stores. Johnson Johnson reacted to the crisis swiftly; they launched a massive public relations campaign urging the people not to use Ethylene and pushed stored to take the bottle of the shelves. The company also ordered a national recall Of 264,000 bottles Of Ethylene. Unlike today in the 1982 it was highly unusual or a company to recall any of their products. One fashion Johnnys bestselling products was now completely in shambles and many speculated that Johnson and Johnson would never be able to recover from the disaster. However Ethylene was able to recover, Ethylene made preventive measures to prevent anything like this from happening again. Ethylene created a triple seal for all their medications to prevent anyone from tampering with the contents. Ethylene also Set up a 1800 number to give the public updated information and the CEO gave personal messages explaining the problem and hat Ethylene did to prevent this from happening again. Ethylene sympathized with the families who lost love one and gave them money and support, even though they ere not directly responsible for the deaths. Because to the their swift actions, sympathy and extremely ethical decision to pull the product of the shelves, within months Ethylene was back on store shelves with a new and improved new safety seal The recall and re-launch cost Johnson camp; Johnson over $100 million, but in the end, Johnson ; Johnson was praised for its handling of the crisis. Within a year, Ethylenes market share rebounded and they ere successfully able to patch up their brand image in the eyes of consumers. Scholarly Journals Vass quoted saying The Ethylene crisis is Without a doubt the most exemplary case ever known in the history of crisis communications. Any business executive, Who has ever stumbled into a public relations ambush, ought to appreciate the way Johnson Johnson responded to the Ethylene poisonings. They have effectively demonstrated how major business has to handle a disaster. The Ethylene murders were never catch and brought to justice. The one positive outcome of the disaster was that it led all drug makers to develop temperature leas for their products, this was something that was virtually nonexistent before the Ethylene crisis. To further show how well Johnson recovered from their lose; In 1982, Johnson Johnnys stock, had been trading near a 52-week high just before the tragedy, after the tragedy the stock went into a selling frenz y but it manages to recover to its high selling points only two months later. Investors have had little to complain. It you had invested $1,000 in Johnson camp; Johnson shares on September 28, 1982, just before the first Ethylene episode, you would have $22,062 today, after four stock splits. Enron was an American energy, commodities, and Services Company based in Houston, Texas. Before the 21st century began Enron employed over 20,000 people. Enron made money by selling electricity, natural gas, communications, and pulp and paper. Enron claimed revenues of nearly SOCIO billion in the year 2000. Fortune named Enron Americas Most Innovative Company for six consecutive years. Enron was a publicly traded company and was highly trusted by investors. The Enron flourished during the dotcom boom of the ass. In November 1 939, Enron launched Unreasoning. This was the first web-based transaction system that allowed buyers and sellers to buy, sell, and trade commodity products globally. At its peak, over $6 billion worth Of commodities were transacted through Enrolling every day. This site allowed Enron to transact with participants in the global energy markets. On the books Enron looked like it was doing extremely well, and many investors sought to buy their stocks. At its peak, Enron was worth about $70 billion, its shares trading for about $90 each. Enron was considered a blue chip stock and therefore was considered to able very stable and trustworthy. All that came crashing down starting in October 2001, when the company admitted that it had misstated its income and that its equity value was a couple of billion dollars less than its balance sheet. The following is the flow of events that lead to Enrons downfall: On October 16, 2001 Enron reported earnings included unexpected after tax charge of $MM. Following that, on October 22 Enrons stock fell by to $20. 65. This raised some red flags and the SEC asked for disclosure of investment partners. On November 8th, stock price at $8. 41 because of media scrutiny about overstatement of net income and understatement of debt. The media kept on bashing Enron until on November 28 stock trading at just over $1. 00 and finally on December 2 Enron filed for bankruptcy. Enron had made many partnerships with companies it had created, and it used those partnerships to hide from the public huge debts and heavy losses on its trading businesses. At the same time, Arthur Andersen, the Accounting company that audited Enrons books, failed to recognize the companys problems. Some even say that Arthur Andersen was in with Enron on cooking the books, created one of the biggest frauds snarled in history. Enron created offshore entities. These entities made Enron look more profitable than it actually was, and created a dangerous downward effect. In each quarter, corporate officers and management would have to perform more and more financial deception and hiding debts in their off shore accounts to create the illusion of billions in profits while the company was actually losing money. This practice drove up their stock price to new levels, at which point the executives began to work on insider information and trade millions of dollars worth of Enron stock. Many of the executives and insiders at Enron knew about the offshore accounts that were hiding losses for the company; however, the investors knew nothing of this. The COOP Andrew Pastoral led the team which created the off-books companies, and manipulated the deals to give himself, his family, and his friends hundreds of millions of dollars in guaranteed stock revenue, at the expense of the corporation for which he provoked and its stockholders. The Board of Directors and Senior Management was also unethically aggressively promoted shares publicly while privately unloading their shares. All this was done so they could make more money at the cost Of their employees and stock holders, Who at the end Of the day lost all their money and trust in the firm. Kenneth Lay, the founder of Enron was also accused of selling over SIS million worth Of stock in insider trading. He sold another $20 million worth Of stock in the open market. Lays wife. Linda, was accused of selling 500,000 shares of Enron stock totaling $1. 2 million on November 28, 2001 The money earned from this sale did not go to the family but rather to charitable organizations which was quite surprising. Records show that Mrs.. Lay placed the sale order sometime between 10:00 and 10:20 am. News of Enrons problems, including the millions of dollars in losses they hid went public about 10:30 that morning and the stock price soon fell to below one dollar. This was an obvious case of unethical insider trading. Enron initially planned to retain its three domestic pipeline companies as well as most of its overseas assets, However, before emerging from bankruptcy, Enron spun off its domestic pipeline companies as Crosscurrent Energy and sold other assets to Vulcan Capital Management. Enron sold its last equines, Prisms Energy, in 2006, leaving it as an asset-less shell. In early 2007, it changed its name to Enron Creditors Recovery Corporation. Its goal is to pay off the old Enrons remaining creditors. In conclusion many large corporations are often are faced with ethical issues that determine the Success Of the company. Two Of the most famous companies that ever faced with ethical dilemmas was Johnson and Johnson and Enron. Johnson and Johnson made the right ethical decision not to hide their problem from the public but rather to deal with the problem at hand in the most ethical ay, because Of this the company was able to pick themselves up and recuperate their loses.

Sunday, October 20, 2019

Modal Verbs

Modal Verbs Modal Verbs Modal Verbs By Maeve Maddox A reader wonders when the term â€Å"modal verb† began to be applied to the following helping verbs: can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would. Writes the reader: When I was young, no teacher or college professor whose subject was English ever mentioned modal with respect to verbs.   So, whats with the modal stuff?   Modal seems to me to be nothing more than a current trend.   Can you tell whence and when modal sprang into being? Like this reader, I went a very long time before hearing these helping verbs called â€Å"modals.† The first time I heard the term was in graduate school- and I’d taught high school English for several years before going there. The Ngram Viewer shows the existence of â€Å"modal verbs† in printed books as early as 1848, but the term’s use begins to soar in the 1960s. The earliest OED citations for â€Å"modal verbs† in the context of grammar are dated 1933, the year that saw the publication of an influential textbook based on structural linguistics: Language, by Leonard Bloomfield (1887-1949). The importance of structural linguistics declined in the 1950s and 1960s as Chomsky’s theory of â€Å"generative grammar† displaced it, but the term â€Å"modal verbs† remained popular. Modal verbs are also called modals, modal auxiliary verbs, and modal auxiliaries. These helping verbs are used to show if the speaker believes something is certain, probable or possible (or not). For example: I may be able to travel to Tulsa with you. Must you contradict everything I say? Will my car be ready by this afternoon? Modals are also used to talk about ability, to ask permission, to make a request or an offer, and so on. For example: He could not lift the weight. May I go with my friends to the mall? As for being a â€Å"current trend,† the term may have been a trend in the 1960s, but after half a century, modal verbs are in the day-to-day grammar lexicon to stay. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Direct and Indirect Objects36 Poetry TermsHow often is "bimonthly"?

Saturday, October 19, 2019

Understanding of operations in the hospitality sector Essay

Understanding of operations in the hospitality sector - Essay Example In this regard, companies such as Hilton Hotels & Resorts Corporation have emerged as major investors in the London market. Essentially, the Hilton Hotels & Resorts company has been one of the most successive companies in the hospitality sector in the London market. The company has established its operation bases in various locations across London. An analysis of the company’s success history reveals that it has gone through a strategic developmental process. This study focuses to evaluate the performance of Hilton Hotels and Resorts Corporation and providing an overview of the company’s areas of improvement as well as the appropriate course of action that can be employed to solve some of challenges facing the corporation. The company has shown remarkable performance in London. The number of people visiting the company’s establishments in London has been increasing from time to time. The outstanding performance of the company can be attributed to the effective use of the modern technology and employment of competent workers. The corporation  has realized  the need for incorporating the modern technology in all of its establishment. Most services of the company have been computerized to enhance efficiency and timely delivery. In essence, customers visiting any of the company’s establishments are assured of quality services and satisfaction. The company has established effective websites where customers can get any information regarding the various establishment. In addition to official websites, the company has ventured into the social media for advertisements and interaction with customers. In this regard, the customer services have been made more accessible and efficient. Apparently, the company has established reliable online payment and booking platforms. In this regard, customers can book and pay for accommodation form any part of the world. Therefore,

Friday, October 18, 2019

Persuasive Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Persuasive Communication - Essay Example The same author mentions some which could really be interesting for high school and college students to consider. Becoming a lecturer does not only appeal to those who are interested in sharing their knowledge and expertise to others but also can make them a really good career. Once a teacher becomes experiences, he could be promoted as a senior lecturer then assistant professor up to being a university professor. Others may take another trail in research which could make one famous. Aside from being a lecturer, one can contribute more in the education industry as a quality assurance health manager. This job allows an individual to actively spread awareness among the people about AIDS and the preventive measures to be taken. In addition, he also plays an important role in the development of clinical health plans, investigate adverse medication events and suggest preventive measure. As expected after taking the course, one can always become a pharmacist either as a health system, hosp ital or community pharmacist. Other jobs like medical transcriptionist, analytical chemist of quality control manager, sales and marketing, clinical research, data manager, regulatory manager and career in regulatory bodies (Hadkar) are jobs a pharmacy student could consider delving into. They are equally challenging and satisfying. Pharmacy actually offers a wide variety of jobs to cater to the different interests of students so start a fulfilling job by enrolling in a pharmacy

Neurotransmitters and Their Relation to Intelligence Essay

Neurotransmitters and Their Relation to Intelligence - Essay Example Wechsler (1944) sets the more widely accepted definition, as he describes intelligence as "the aggregate or global capacity of an individual to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with his environment". From a neurological perspective, the anatomical localization of the neurological processes that give rise to intelligence is generally considered to be the Wernicke's area, located in the superior temporal gyrus, an area of the brain not only related to language and speech, but also to logical and abstract thought. This was determined by research done on patients that have lost their higher intellectual functions when their Wernicke's area. Guyton claims that the prefrontal association area is also associated with intelligence, but not to a great extent. Neurotransmitters in essence represent chemical messengers of the neural circuits and pathways, and in combination with the synapses, represent the physiological method of communication between neurons. In the synapses, the neurotransmitter is released from a pre-synaptic neuron and bonds with receptors on the post-synaptic neuron. It should be noted that there are many types of neurotransmitters, each found in specific areas of the nervous system and therefore, each has a specific action.

Thursday, October 17, 2019

Marriage and Parenting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marriage and Parenting - Essay Example Thus, here the family is seen "as a place of intimacy, love, and trust where the individuals may escape the competition of the humanizing forces in modern society" (Zinn & Eitzen, 1999: 8), making them salient 'paradigms', images on which cultures around the world are compared. The adherence to this age-old concept of 'family' and the constructs of family-connected-living is found to be mutually fulfilling and beneficial, bringing about care and dependency, and predictability of roles and responsibilities. Thus, the family can also be seen as providing fulfillment, and a place of compensation and protection (Zinn & Eitzen, 1999: 2). But, the traditional family-construct solicited long term commitment and fidelity of both the individuals involved. This was opposite to the fulfillment of self-satisfaction gained in those pursuits, which were the main goals of the value-system present in the society. Here, family and the commitment it envisages, is viewed as a struggle, or as an encumbrance. This gives it a negative image. Under this perception, family-based kinship-relationships are the limiting factors of the individual's quest of fulfillment of aspirations. Thus, in this view, family is a bondage that inhibits full human potential. The relationship between romantic love and sex is effectively explained through biology - which views both as the basis of human behavior. Studies have shown the Man is evolution's tool, not its master (Kelman, 1998, pp.3-24). But, the distinctions of gender, and a more primitive form of romantic love, which signifies some sense of sex or sexuality, is found in most animals too. Gender is understood as the physical evolutionary organs male and female, bestowed by nature, for the 'continuum of the genetic species'. The gender classification inherently denotes the tasks and responsibilities to be performed by either like, females reproduce, prepare food; males hunt etc. Sexuality is explained as the heightened awareness with the aim of procreation, of the "physical evolutionary change related to the sexual act itself" (Kelman, 1998, pp.3-24). Hence, gender is the stereo-type role play determined by the basic sex viz. male or female of the species. For example, animals especially other apes, "enjoy sex only when the females are in their most fertile phase, their estrus" and "would quickly lose interest" (Kelman, 1998, pp.3-24), once it is over, to carry on their social role play such as child-rearing and grooming. This is true for other species as birds and insects too; their mating instincts making them acutely aware of their differences, "birds dance and sing in courtship". Thus sex seems to be a "kind of universal social lubricant" in a complex social world, with the secretion of sex-hormones dictating their behavior. For human beings, though much of the primitive sexual instincts have been retained, they are not exclusively driven by their hormones alone. The effect of culture and the presence of emotional attachment that binds them in relationships cannot be ignored. Thus, they "are bound together by more complicated bonds than an enhanced sexual relationship" and because of the other emotions involved, for human beings "sex is very rarely simply sex" (Kelman, 1998, pp.3-24). Compare and contrast two cultural systems of marriage. "Marriage is about as close as humans come to a universal cultural value"

Elements of Design in Hectors Final Battle Research Paper - 3

Elements of Design in Hectors Final Battle - Research Paper Example The production designer is the one in charge of the overall look of the film. Production designers have to closely coordinate with the director and the producer (in terms of budget constraints) in order to select the most appropriate settings and style that would enable the film to tell the story (Goodykoontz & Jacobs, 2011). Especially during pre-production, the production designer works closely with the film director to establish the particular aesthetic needs and the intended visual feel of the film. The production designer likewise works closely with the costume designer, the hair and make-up stylists, the special effects director, and the location manager to ensure the unified visual appearance of the movie. The role of the art director tends to blur with the responsibilities of the production designer. However, the art director’s main goal is to unify the overall visual appearance of the scenes in the film, making sure that these scenes are able to stimulate moods, contrast features, and appeal to the target audience psychologically (Goodykoontz & Jacobs, 2011). In the particular movie clip chose, the scene took place on an arid desert, presumably under the burning heat of the sun and the lighting used in this scene made the audience feel the â€Å"heat of the battle† even more. Thus, the sharp light of the sun conveyed feelings of passion and sheer hatred, which were the very feelings that Achilles felt at that moment, owing to the untimely death of his cousin. This particular setting likewise conveys the burning emotions in the hearts of the characters, from the anger in Achilles, to Hector’s desire to defend his honor, and even the pain felt by Hector’s family as they watch Hector walk into his death. All these aspects convey the message of the movie in terms of passion and honor. As the scene takes place in Ancient Greece, the costume designers no doubt took extra care and effort to make the characters’ costume as authentic as possible. Hector’s armor clad body signifies that he is a methodical fighter who takes great efforts to ensure that he is well protected in battle.

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

Marriage and Parenting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marriage and Parenting - Essay Example Thus, here the family is seen "as a place of intimacy, love, and trust where the individuals may escape the competition of the humanizing forces in modern society" (Zinn & Eitzen, 1999: 8), making them salient 'paradigms', images on which cultures around the world are compared. The adherence to this age-old concept of 'family' and the constructs of family-connected-living is found to be mutually fulfilling and beneficial, bringing about care and dependency, and predictability of roles and responsibilities. Thus, the family can also be seen as providing fulfillment, and a place of compensation and protection (Zinn & Eitzen, 1999: 2). But, the traditional family-construct solicited long term commitment and fidelity of both the individuals involved. This was opposite to the fulfillment of self-satisfaction gained in those pursuits, which were the main goals of the value-system present in the society. Here, family and the commitment it envisages, is viewed as a struggle, or as an encumbrance. This gives it a negative image. Under this perception, family-based kinship-relationships are the limiting factors of the individual's quest of fulfillment of aspirations. Thus, in this view, family is a bondage that inhibits full human potential. The relationship between romantic love and sex is effectively explained through biology - which views both as the basis of human behavior. Studies have shown the Man is evolution's tool, not its master (Kelman, 1998, pp.3-24). But, the distinctions of gender, and a more primitive form of romantic love, which signifies some sense of sex or sexuality, is found in most animals too. Gender is understood as the physical evolutionary organs male and female, bestowed by nature, for the 'continuum of the genetic species'. The gender classification inherently denotes the tasks and responsibilities to be performed by either like, females reproduce, prepare food; males hunt etc. Sexuality is explained as the heightened awareness with the aim of procreation, of the "physical evolutionary change related to the sexual act itself" (Kelman, 1998, pp.3-24). Hence, gender is the stereo-type role play determined by the basic sex viz. male or female of the species. For example, animals especially other apes, "enjoy sex only when the females are in their most fertile phase, their estrus" and "would quickly lose interest" (Kelman, 1998, pp.3-24), once it is over, to carry on their social role play such as child-rearing and grooming. This is true for other species as birds and insects too; their mating instincts making them acutely aware of their differences, "birds dance and sing in courtship". Thus sex seems to be a "kind of universal social lubricant" in a complex social world, with the secretion of sex-hormones dictating their behavior. For human beings, though much of the primitive sexual instincts have been retained, they are not exclusively driven by their hormones alone. The effect of culture and the presence of emotional attachment that binds them in relationships cannot be ignored. Thus, they "are bound together by more complicated bonds than an enhanced sexual relationship" and because of the other emotions involved, for human beings "sex is very rarely simply sex" (Kelman, 1998, pp.3-24). Compare and contrast two cultural systems of marriage. "Marriage is about as close as humans come to a universal cultural value"