Monday, September 30, 2019

Equality, diversity and inclusion in work with children and young people Essay

1. Understand the importance of promoting equality and diversity in work with children and young people. 1.1.Identify the current legislation and codes of practice relevant to the promotion of equality and valuing of diversity Each school must have set polices which is formed of guidance and procedures these don’t just mean that there for our teaching and learning that’s happening in the classrooms but all around the school and the school grounds. We must take in account of everyone’s individuality and as group. Before learning the policies of the school you work at it is handy that you recognise the purpose and legislation. This may help you with your role in the school and your own responsibility to policies and legislation. The children and young people’s rights are stated in the united nation’s convention on the right of child (1989) the uk government must make sure the children are protected trough law, the uk government say that the children have a right to education and the right for their own views to be respected. The special education needs code of practise 2001 This shows the outlines of statutory guidance and the procedures for the policy of children with special needs, this is likely to be changed by the children and young family’s bill 2013. Code of practice on the duty to promote race equality (2002) This code supports schools and the public services so that they can meet the duty that is set out for race relations act. All schools are required to write a written race equality policy. The school policies should demonstrate that there working towards the following outcomes:- †¢Reducing the space of educational achievement between the different ethnic groups †¢Improving the relationships between all different racial groups †¢Improving the behaviour of the pupils †¢Promoting more involvement of the parents and our local community †¢Ensuring that the staff working in the schools show social diversity of society †¢An admissions policy that does not discriminate Removing barriers to achievement: the government’s strategy foe SEN (2004) This shows a form of structure for schools to show achievement of children with special needs and disabilities. The documents show the governments expression for the education of children with special education needs or disabilities. These principles include the need for: †¢Early intervention †¢Removal of barriers †¢The delivery of improvements through partnerships across services †¢Raising achievement Disability equality scheme and access plan The disability discrimination act 2005 is an improvement on the 1995 act by require the schools to make a disability equality scheme (DES) this shows the way the schools to show positive attitudes to the pupils, staff and others with disabilities. There must also be an action plan, this plan should show the discriminatory barriers are removed for example: †¢An improvement to the physical environment, like ramps, lifts, lighting and the way the room is laid out †¢providing information in different ways for children with disabilities, such as audio, pictorial and larger print School policies Most schools has a mission statement that sets out the commitment of the schools to the inclusion and equality of opportunity. Each school must have written policies to the reflect of the rights and responsibilities of those in the school. Policies should show guidance for the staff and visitors to the schools. There is a number of different policies or they can be combined but must include the ways that the school should work in relation to: †¢Cultural diversity/ race †¢Inclusive practise/ equality of opportunity †¢Bullying/safeguarding †¢Gifted and talented pupils †¢Special educational needs †¢Disability and access There are different ways the schools promote the rights of equality and opportunity for the children and young people should be included in the policy. There is now a huge focus on the outcomes that is difference the legislations have made to the individuals and groups within the schools. Ofsted make judgement about the schools inclusiveness. It is important that you are up to date with the polices because they change every so often due to the outcomes. 1.2 Describe the importance of supporting the rights of all children and young people to participation and equality of access. Each pupil has every right to a widely diverse and equally balanced curriculum. Teaching and learning must be of very high quality. Each student should have an equal curriculum regardless of their race, background, gender and disabilities. So that your or aware of the importance of supporting the rights of children and young people, it is best if you look into more detail at the outcomes of legislation, codes of practise and policies. On inclusion children and young people can raise achievement and promote self-identity and also great relationships through the participation of policies. Raising achievement Improving access to the curriculum will make a huge difference to the personal achievements set by children and young people. Studies have shown that some children and young people have not met the levels they were expected to. The children that have the most concerns are children and young people from black and minority ethnic cultures they are vulnerable due to their economic and physical circumstances. This is sometimes known as an attainment gap. Equal opportunity does not mean that it’s just treating them  the same but also their curriculum. This includes the understanding of barriers. Before children fall behind its usually best for intervention strategies to be put in place like additional support at an early stage. High expiations of all pupils are important to raise their achievement. Improving participation Participation means that everyone within the school is involved. There are things like parents evening and student councils, these are opportunities to talk to pupils and their parents to talk to them about things like curriculum and things that are happening around the school and development. These can happen in classrooms, school halls and the pupils are usually asked how they learn their best, what could they improve and how they learn. Developing a sense of identity The schools should recognise and support the pupils and have access to everything that is happening in school. This should raise their self-esteem and give them the feeling that they belong there. When the children fully participate they usually feel valued for who they are and what they have done. And what they have achieved by acknowledging them and reflecting what they done was fantastic. Children and young people should have the opportunity to do independent learning. Children are more likely to be motivated and achieve full potential when they are making choices. Improving relationships between individuals and groups Your actions and attitude towards the children is important for e.g. fairness in what you do as they see you as a role model, the respect can be improved by your everyday contact with them. Children’s rights should be protected but they should know their responsibilities towards others. Opportunities are provided for all children to experience each other’s cultures and ethnic backgrounds, this is to ensure that they understand and value the social and cultural diversity in their own community as well as  around the world, culture can cut across nationalities and faiths and by recognizing and promoting cultural diversity and the differences of individuals and groups within school will enhance a child’s learning and promote knowledge and understanding of all pupils. Diverse cultures in schools should be acknowledged and reflected throughout the curriculum, by incorporating music, food and stories from a range a of cultures will not only contribute to a rich and more exciting curriculum but will demonstrate that the school not only values the culture of groups but also supports all their pupils to explore and understand cultures that are not their own. By supporting and encouraging children to understand and accept cultural diversity will also prevent stereotyping and decrease prejudice and discrimination within schools. Most importantly, it will prepare children and young people for numerous changes that will happen in their lives as adults where they will inevitably be involved in mixing with adults of different cultures and backgrounds. You could also add a reflective account of some event in your school for e.g. Chinese New Year.

Sunday, September 29, 2019

Mao’s Last Dancer by Li Cunxin Essay

‘Non-fiction texts only deal with facts.’ Discuss the validity of this statement. In your essay response, you should discuss how composers of non-fiction texts present their point of view with specific reference to your non-fiction text. Autobiographies, as a narrative non-fiction text, generally rely on the conventions of factual historical evidence while presenting a personal point of view. Non-fiction texts therefore, rely on objective detail and a subjective perspective. Throughout the autobiography Mao’s Last Dancer the composer Li Cunxin offers a personal evaluation of actions and speculates on the significance of certain actions and events. To engage and entertain the responder the composer uses opinionative language and emotive language throughout. Recounts rely intensely on memory, which can be fragile and misleading, and therefore one should question the validity of such a text. Such an autobiography also deals with factual events but includes a level of subjectively. By saying non-fiction texts only deal with facts is partially wrong because non-fiction texts such as autobiographies do deal with the things other than facts and it contrastingly brings immediacy to events that have been simply narrate d by secondary versions. Consequently, non-fiction texts are not always objective when dealing with the events in a person’s life and this proves right through the novel. Autobiographies by their very nature rely back on memories from the past. This can be fragile and can ignore certain facts. In Li Cunxin’s text, most of his writing relied back on his memory. He exaggerates and reinforces his points quite strongly. Hyperbole is used in this line, â€Å"My leaps were high†¦It felt like as if I was flying†¦gliding through the open sky, and if the music allowed it, I would have stayed in the air all night,† (p314) adjusting the truth to portray him in a positive light. Furthermore, Time does have an effect on memory as it can be clouded over time and cannot be as strong. For example when Li has a conversation with Teacher Xiao he includes the exact dialogue, which was spoken. â€Å"Cunxin I understand your anger and I think Teacher Gao was wrong. He shouldn’t name†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (p182) The reader must question how the author remembers each detail from his past.  This adds to the subjective nature of this genre. Li reflecting from his memory also shapes his emotion, full on life. Emanating from Li’s personal emotions this indicates that this is a subjective recount as well as objective, â€Å"My feelings about leaving her and going back to China became unbearable† (p289). Aspects of the story also describe how his parents were feeling before he was born through the short dramatic sentences, but is not essentially factual as he was not actually there, â€Å"She knows her family will no longer be her main source of comfort†¦looks back at her familiar village for the last time, she has no tears,†(xiv) and so this relies on memory and perspective once again. The use of first person, it interoperates non-fiction texts such as autobiographies, an unreliable source of information. The purpose of writing in this style is to give the responder a personal effect, while reflecting back on their life story. Therefore, this reiterates the fact that the autobiography is only set on the personal and selective events being conveyed by the author. By doing so, the reader is presented with bias and limited factual content explored within Mao’s Last Dancer. They persuade the reader into believing its true; it could give the reader a wrong perception of true events and places because there is nothing else to judge them from. Aspects of one-sidedness are presented to us in Mao’s Last Dancer, which suggest the narrator is unreliable. The use of omission is brought to our attention at the start of the ‘afterword’. The fact that the author finishes writing on the page about a particular event which occurred in the distant past (being released from the Chinese Government). And then starts a new page erasing a whole stage out of his autobiography. â€Å"My new life with Elizabeth began like an East meets West fairy tale†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p308) simply reassures the readers that the legitimacy of the text is not all true. What has happened in the release and the meeting of Elizabeth? The reader does not hear what her point of view is on the circumstances or what she thinks about it, such as why their marriage failed, â€Å"but it didn’t work out the way we both had hoped.† (p308) This merely gives the reader a one sided point of view. As we hear Li’s thoughts and emotions towards Elizabeth, the reader is manipulated into sympathizing with Li. Therefore Elizabeth is not given adequate characterization. â€Å"Our marriage eventually failed. We suffered  greatly and I felt terribly alone in the world. I had no one to go to.† (p308) The use of this personal style makes this genre a subjective text. However, autobiographies do include factual detail and are not all subjective. In Mao’s Last Dancer, the author includes an appendix, which outlines the historical events mentioned in the book. These include reference map, a historical timeline of China in the 20th Century and black and white photos with captions. These endorse Li Cunxin’s life story and set it within a historical context. Related evidence for the reader that these events actually occurred, â€Å"In 1921 the Chinese Government party was founded.† (p328). This references to historical figures, such as Chairman Mao Zedong, and the use of dates provided. However one must question why the author and their purpose selected these examples. The written style of non-fiction text both deals with facts and emotional theories. Thus all this occurring by nature. Emotional theories, which are focused on in the text, Mao’s Last Dancer, involves the idea of memory in which the events occurred. Throughout the novel we witness from the author the numerous times the fragility in memory. The one-sidedness in autobiographies often gives the reader a bias view on all events and the author usually alters the truth. By saying non-fiction texts only deal with facts is highly debatable as facts are intertwined with the personal.

Saturday, September 28, 2019

BP case study Essay

1. What are the main ethical issues and dilemma BP faces in this case? A project that is on a large scale faces some issues, including: There are concerns about the coating of the pipeline and the risks of leakages, in particular in Georgia, where oil spills might significantly impact the country’s strategic water resources in the Bojorni National Park. Concerns were also raised over the fact that the pipeline runs through earthquake zones, which leakages nearly inevitable or could not be avoided. Campaigners have highlighted the prospect of up to 30,000 civilians along the pipeline being at least temporarily relocated. On the political level, with civil unrest and wars in the region the pipeline passes within only a few miles of the war- torn area of Nagorno Karabakh the project had always been accompanied by considerable fears of terrorist attacks. Also there are countries which the pipelines are supposed to go very high levels of bureaucracy and corruption, as shown in the various indices. 2. How would you evaluate BP’s approach to the social, environmental and economic impacts of the project for local communities? Assess the approach from the perspective of utilitarianism and deontology first. Will the assessment differ from the rights and justice based perspective? Bp is considered at the time of the pipeline’s construction to be one of the top or leading companies in embracing sustainability and corporate social responsibility (CSR).BP initiatives renewable energy , climate change , human rights , and corruption prevention. BP set up a Regional Sustainability Development Program (RSDP) from early stages of the project in order to to proactively address the social, ethical and environmental issues† †¢ Environment investment program which aims to address ecological issues. †¢ Community Investment Program (CIP) with a budget of about $ 20m, mostly address the most social issues during the construction phase. †¢Long term Regional Development Initiative (RDI) with a budget of approximately U.S. $ 25mn and to accompany the project on a life span of 10 years after its opening. From the point of view of ethics and utilitarianism, BP has taken initiatives that led to fairly immediate impacts. It proactively addressed the social, ethical and environmental issues. From the perspective of human rights and justice, the company was alleged to violate human rights and to engage in corrupt practices. 3. This case raises questions about the scope of responsibility for a Western MNC operating in environments with corruption and poor governance. What is your opinion on how far a company such as BP in this case should go? Can they really be made responsible for the actions of local officials and governments? Try to base your answer on arguments derived from one or more ethical theories. MNC as BP operate in a globalized world where there are different types and forms of government and different levels of inefficiency and corruption involved. It would be foolishly brave to expect that they should be held responsible for what officials and governments, because it can never be completely within their control. If they do not exploit the potential then someone else would. However, they can have a significant influence on the policy on their fields where they must try to resolve an ethical manner. 4. What is the appropriate way for BP to respond to its ongoing criticism? Base your answer on the contemporary ethical theories, in particular virtue ethics, discourse ethics, and postmodern ethics. BP can probably focus on the fact that it has been one of the company around the most socially responsible, implying that he would never go against the welfare wider not to disturb the balance of the environment. It is also worth noting that defend the BTC pipeline will generate income for the country, job opportunities and help meet the growing demand. Being a responsible organization, BP should let people know that it takes all precautionary measures to avoid disasters such as oil spills, pollution of water.

Friday, September 27, 2019

MDCM (A) case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

MDCM (A) - Case Study Example The company possessed large number of skilled and efficient employees and it assisted the firm to win different industry awards for product quality. Despite these potential internal strengths, the company had been struggling with the fifth consecutive quarterly loss for the second quarter of 2002. This paper will define the MDCM’s overall corporate strategy, the business environment in which the firm operates, and related high level IT objectives. The Accenture IT governance model includes four distinct IT infrastructures such as efficient and predictable operators, information integrators, responsive solution providers, and new capability enablers. It is clear that the MDCM falls under the category of new capability enablers. The Accenture IT governance model states that organizations that operate as new capability enablers are characterized with higher rate of organizational change. In addition, these organizations compete on product or service differentiation rather than on cost. New capability enablers generally have the capacity to meet rapidly changing business practices and requirements as they are flexible to market transitions. Such firms vehemently try to develop innovative IT solutions delivering first-mover advantages to managements as their major goal. For this purpose, they particularly target on their IT investments which add value to flexible capabilities that would produce bottom line results. The case study indicates that business acquisition is one of the major global expansion strategies of the organization. As Jeffery and Norton (2006) point out, MDCM allowed the acquired companies to operate freely and to serve their local customers better way. The case writers also reflect that the company had no centralized IT system to integrate the business operations of all subsidiaries (p.3). The company gave great emphasis on customer tastes and specifications and offered differentiated services to different market segments. However, the company

Thursday, September 26, 2019

Reponses to article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Reponses to article - Essay Example This framework has four examines credibility of a web page from four angles. For a site to be credible it should progressively meet the four types of credibility – presumed, reputed, surface, and earned credibility. Presumed credibility: makes use of general assumptions. The credibility is simply formed because of what the site declares. For instance, a site may claim to be the official site for a given event. The site may also claim that it is using information from a reputed institution. The claims that a site makes may make a site appear credible however it is warned that more should be done to ascertain such credibility. Reputed credibility: this credibility is obtained when we are referred to it by a person we know for instance out instructors, other students or parents. The assumption here is that they used the site and found it to be quite useful and that is why they are making referrals. However, even with such a referral a site needs to be personally tested for credibility. This credibility can be used as a way of getting to the most credible sites in the shorted time possible without necessary wasting much time browsing around. Surface credibility: this is viewed as the most important credibility of the three. It is this credibility determines if a person will use a web page or not. If on looking at a site the first impression is negative then there is a likelihood that the site will be left. Surface credibility is based on quick evaluations. I will consider a number of factors in assessing the article that is the subject of this question (I will consider the site appearance, source of the article)†¦.I will simply try to apply Fogg’s credibility framework to the site and see the results The article to be assessed appeared in The Gulf Times on Thursday April 4th. The assessment is to be made in the light of a human rights watch report that has already been read. The main task is to

Paraphrasing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Paraphrasing - Essay Example The purpose of the loans could be for activities that generate income and to establish microenterprises. The delimiting factor for microcredit is its focus mainly on the creation of credit without regard for alleviating poverty and assistance to improve the plight of the poor. The service offered from microcredit puts clients from the low income group to be more apprehensive in availing of this option due to lack of sources for repayment and perceived risk in debt. Having identified the evolution of microcredit programs from the early 1970s, their success have resulted in increased schemes until the mid 1990s. Providers of this type of credit have offered this particular financial assistance concurrent with development agencies with the strategy of alleviating poverty for the marginalized poor. Eventually, large organizations in Bangladesh that offered microfinance schemes were recognized internationally and provided the impetus for the first international summit to be organized and globally presented. Advantage of Microfinance In a discourse written by Remenyi that necessitated the review of thirty independent studies from diverse institutions offering microfinance programs, a significant increase averaging 20% in borrowers’ income was reflected.3 Likewise, the author indicated that the presence of common variables that influence the borrowers’ ability to improve their income, to wit: taking into account their target market, the level of skills, gender, marital status, and available support from external sources. In a related research, there has been a reported positive impact on security perceived by borrowers when there is ongoing access to loans. The experience from Grameen Bank indicates that borrowers who continued to avail of microfinance credit eventually achieved sustainability in food and assets such as livestock and rickshaws. An improvement in economic status of the borrowers was tantamount to an overall improvement in living condition s and the ability to purchase real properties. Thereby, successful microfinance borrowers were proven to have gained substantial security that prevented them to liquidate assets in times of emergencies and disasters. 4 Likewise, amongst successful borrower households in several countries, expanding employment opportunities and increasing hours of employment per week have also been noted. Accordingly, some of the social changes in Grameen Bank villages impact positively on the community as a whole, particularly the increased visibility and mobility of women. One study found that a significant change in household and community status could be derived by women who maintained control of their loans. There were evidences that indicate women manifesting direct correlation between having money and increased status and recognition. There were trends towards resourceful women who learn to use the loans â€Å"to empower themselves†.5 However, some studies reveal that â€Å"†¦It c annot be assumed that disbursing loans to women means either that they use them or are empowered.† 6 Disadvantage of Microfinance In many countries, diverse studies show that targeting women in microfinance schemes is a direct challenge to cultural norms. Without parallel programmes which address gender issues, this has resulted in increased intra- and inter-household tension. There had been reported cases of

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

Sao Paulos Climate Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sao Paulos Climate - Case Study Example This climate has remained relatively stable for decades; the last reported snow storm occurred in 1918 (Sau Paoulo Climate and Weather). Sao Paulo is the richest city in Brazil and the southern hemisphere, and it is also the most populated. It holds over 11,000,000 residents and is over 1500 square kilometers. The city is growing at such a fast and expansive rate that much of its infrastructure has had difficulty evolving and meeting the needs of the growth. Energy production has therefore been very, very chaotic. The state has been able to produce more electicity than the plants in both Argentina and Chile, but because of the constant increase in population, power outages are becoming a presence and a threat. An increase in the electrical supply of the city is needed. Furthermore, the existence of geothermal plants, as well as imports of natural gas and cogeneration are becoming more vital to the city's survival (Henkin). With these problems in mind, it is important to consider the question: To what extent do "ecological" materials satisfy the thermal necessities of a building in a city of Tropical climate as So Paulo With the current energy crisis abounding, it appears that necessities provided by energy, including air conditioning in climate control, are being threatened. However, considering the fact that this is a city in a tropical climate, one item that the city may wish to consider and invest in is that of solar power. Solar power could help to answer the energy crisis, and thus also assist with the thermal necessities in a city in a tropical climate. While the initial investment may be costly, the strategy would certainly pay for itself in the end, benefit the city overall, and help to solve the problems of energy existing today. Urban heat in the island areas itself has been a reported problem that could be put to use and gain significant energy features. For instance, many islanders report that the climate can be quite hot in February. Since this is an island affected by its location under the equator, heat can be extreme at the peak seasons. This means that buildings will be using more climate control features, such as air conditioning, to protect customers and themselves from inevitable health concerns, like heat stroke. Further energy shortages are always expected during these months because of this inevitable behavior. However, if the heat and sunlight can be harnessed and put into good effect, it could actually solve the energy efficiency problem, and thus the island could use one of its own energy resources to help with the climate during the hotter months. The sunlight exposure present at Sao Paulo also brings a few other items to light that one must need to consider. This concept is that of electromagnetic radiation, including UVA, UVG, and UVC. Most individuals know that some sun exposure, if it is slight, can be beneficial to one's health. In fact, a lack of sunlight can make individuals feel depressed. However, too much sun is also dangerous, and can cause detrimental effects to one's health, including sunburns, heatstroke, and skin cancer. These factors need to be considered for those living in the city. Works Cited Henkin, S. "Sao Paulo: Urbanization Run Amok." World and I, Vol. 14, August 1999. Sau Paulo

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

The Kurdish Struggle to Establish an Autonomous State within Turkey Essay

The Kurdish Struggle to Establish an Autonomous State within Turkey - Essay Example Most of these countries (particularly Turkey) have issues with the formation of an autonomous Kurdish region for several reasons which will be discussed within this paper. The Kurds have their own unique culture, language and religious beliefs that set them apart from the general population of the countries in which Kurdistan is currently politically part of, and have been persecuted by these nations throughout history. One of the main issues in Kurdistan is the struggle to form an autonomous nation that recognizes the rights and rich history of these people. Interestingly, the Iraqi government recognized the state as early as 1970 (Houston, 2008), giving the Kurdish people within Iraq autonomous rule, but the other governments, in particular Turkey, have not recognized the area as separate and autonomous and this is a constant source of tension within the area today. Within Turkey, the Kurds are the largest non-Turkish ethnic group (Barkey & Fuller, 1998), a fact which the Turkish p eople perceive as the main reason why the Kurds are the biggest threat to Turkish national identity and perhaps why these people struggle within Turkey. This essay will focus primarily on the Kurdish people within Turkey and identify some of the key issues and solutions in this situation. Current events will be utilized to show the troubles within the area and highlight the positives and negatives of being a Kurd in modern Turkey. History of Kurdistan To properly understand the struggles of the Kurdish people in Turkey, it is necessary to have a complete historical background of the area and discuss how the language and culture of these people has developed over time. Not only is this an interesting standalone topic, it highlights some of the differences between the people of Kurdistan and the Turkish population, a source of great tension between the two cultures. Kurdish culture can be traced back to ancient history. It has been suggested that the ancient Kingdom of Corduene is ana lagous to the modern-day Kurdistan (Houston, 2008), and may of the ancient districts of this area correspond well to modern district. The first reference to Kurdistan (or Land of the Kurds) is found in a Christian document which describes the Christian Saints of the area, people who were driven out of the area by Pagans (Barkey & Fuller, 1998). The Kurdish language is believed to have developed from a dialect of Iran in the early centuries of the Common Era (Houston, 2008). From here on, there is a clearer history of the area. The Middle Ages saw the development of several Kurdish provinces such as Shaddadid, Marwanid and Rawadid (Meiselas & Bruinessen, 1997), all fairly autonomous regions which can be likened to modern-day emirates. They were under religious and political control of Khalifs, but this was indirect and not particularly forceful, allowing the Kurdish culture to begin to develop into something recognizable today. Islam was first brought to the area in 641CE by an Arab leader known as Utba ibn farqad (Meiselas & Bruinessen, 1997), and was followed by a number of uprisings, revolutions and conquests by Muslim leaders. It was the loss of power from the Byzantine and Sasanian empire by these Muslim caliphates that led to the Kurdish people being allowed to identify mountain administrators and set up independent states in the eastern Taurus mountain ranges, where Kurdish people can still be found today (Meiselas & Bruinessen, 1997). The modern history of Kurdistan is also fascinating. The 16th century brought many wars to the area and eventually the modern area of Kurdistan was split between the Safavid and Ottoman empires. Most Kurds lived in the Ottoman empire until World War I, when the Allied troops tried to split the area into several distinct

Monday, September 23, 2019

Commercial Free Speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Commercial Free Speech - Essay Example Emphasis is placed on the problem of spam on the commercial free speech. The argument in relation to the ethical agreement of commercial spam emphasizes upon the moral standard in terms of the freedom of expression among individuals. Globally the freedom of expression among individuals is protected as a result of the benefits that are associated with the application of freedom of expression. Thus, freedom of expression is an important requisite in a liberal democratic state. The freedom of expression entails commercial forms of expression such as the use of spam (Spinello, 2006). Spam should therefore be protected as a commercial free speech. This is attributed to the fact that if the use of such spams are not protected various contents that can be considered as harmful may be consumed by individuals. This protection will therefore entail various forms of restrictions that will ensure that only credible form of information is consumed by the audience. Various countries such as China and United States have engaged in some form of restriction of spam as a commercial free speech in order to take care of such contents such as pornography (Rooksby, 2007). However, there are enough reasons in relation to the fact that commercial expression should not be protected as a form of free speech among individuals. Commercial expressions in its essence do not promote truth as an essential aspect in free speech or freedom of expression. Furthermore, spams are not known to promote the beliefs or opinions of individuals in the freedom of expression. Thus, the use of spam as a commercial expression should not be protection as it does not promote truth in its expression (Rooksby, 2007). Additionally, citizens of any particular state have a right in regards to freedom of expression. This right to liberty therefore guarantees an individual with a right to

Sunday, September 22, 2019

From the Concert of Europe to the Cause of the First World War Essay Example for Free

From the Concert of Europe to the Cause of the First World War Essay After the fall of Napoleon there was a need to create a balance of power that would preserve the peace between European monarchies. Also to redraw the map of Europe and to restore the countries in crisis after their defeat of Napoleon. The main goal of the Concert was to contain France and prevent another ascend of authority such as Napoleon Bonaparte. The origins of The Concert of Europe begin from the international conference called by the victorious allied nations in Vienna – The Congress of Vienna. It took place in September 1814 to June 1815 and is mostly considered as the precursor to today’s United Nations. The Congress was highly successful in achieving its goal, as there were no wars between European countries for almost 40 years. One could say that the Concert of Europe is still continuous, but with different players, goals and name. Thus The Concert of Vienna was first of its kind and in addition Europe had not seen such cooperation between major powers before, it nonetheless made numerous decisions that shaped Europe to its historic course. For instance France was deprived from lands Napoleon had conquered. Britain got several strategic colonial territories, also gaining control of the seas. France and Spain were restored under rightful bloodlines. However the numerous decisions and outcomes were pompous, concentrating on the needs and wants of four main powers Austria, Russia, Prussia, and Great Britain. The Concerts main accomplishment was the securing of independence for Greece (ironic) by sending fleets to fight against invading Ottoman-Egyptian armies. Thanks to three great powers, Russia, The United Kingdom and France, Greece was finally recognized as an independent nation that it is today. In Belgian revolution the Great Powers recognized Belgium as an independent state. After that the signs of collapse of the alliance started to appear. The goal of the Concert of Europe was to keep a balance of power between leading countries in Europe, but if the balance starts to change to someone’s favour then the conflicts begin to arise. The sudden development of Egypt and their successful war against Ottomans brought about fear in European powers. A collapse of Ottoman Empire could have had a destabilizing effect to every country especially to the United Kingdom. England was not only worried for loosing economic benefits and militarily strong state in Mediterranean, but also about Egypt’s close ties to France. Britain preferred a weakened but intact Ottoman Empire that would give it the strategic and commercial advantages it needed to maintain its influence in the region. This all lead to what was called the Oriental Crisis of 1840 where United Kingdom, Austrian Empire, The Kingdom of Prussia and the Russian Empire backed Ottoman Empire against Egypt. France did not accept with the terms The Concert of Europe offered to Egypt, not siding with any of the rivals, but stayed ‘neutral’. Eventually after numerous military conflicts Egypt accepted the terms and Ottoman Empire got back all its lost fleets and territories. The significant downfall of The Concert of Europe was Crimean War in 1853 when Russian Empire started its expansion, which was against the main idea of the Congress of Vienna. It was all powered by the weakening Ottoman Empire and religious disputes till Russia made its move on Constantinople which was owned by the Turks. Afterwards European powers joined in to prevent Russia from growing too powerful. Followed three years of hostilities on five theatres till Russian Empire was eventually stopped. Being the first major armed conflict in Europe after the settlement at the Congress of Vienna, Crimean War signified the downfall of the Concert of Europe. At the Treaty of Paris, signed on March 30, 1856, the real looser was Austria. Having chosen to defy the Russians in the Balkans, Austria lost main ally, and over the next few years it appeared that Britain and France were not interesting in cooperation. Moreover, the Crimean War was the collapse of the Vienna Settlement, the system that had enabled Austria, Britain, France, Prussia and Russia to cooperate and maintain peace for three decades. The Crimean War placed the basis for two powerful new nation states Italy and Germany. The new six-power European system demonstrated to be less stable than its forefather, while the expectation that political and diplomatic aims could be satisfied by war led these states to adopt ever closer alliances. The Crimean War was a turning point in European history, marking the end of the Vienna settlement, and the beginning of a new system. In spite of all, the Great Powers finally returned to war in 1914, almost hundred years after the Congress of Vienna. Alliances and common pacts all end in the course of time, lead by human needs and personal gains, sooner or later. (And the outcome is war ofc) The First World War begun with a simple murder of Austrian-Hungarian royalty, at least that is the simplified reason. In reality it only triggered the war; the actual roots of the war are much deeper and more complicated than a simple bullet in the Archdukes neck. Rise of nationalism and its movements in Europe created such secret societies that used terrorist methods to promote their views. Slavic people in Bosnia and Herzegovina wanted no longer to be a part of Austria-Hungary, but instead be to be a part of Serbia. Viewing it in this way, it could be said that nationalism led Slavic people to rebel against their occupiers that ended with the First World War Increased military and naval rivalry led not only to the belief that war was close and increase in military control of the civilian government also there was an increased cooperation between allied countries. For example United Kingdom, France and Russia held secret military talks. The British and the French naval authorities agreed that the French navy should be concentrated in the Mediterranean and the British in the North Sea. Germany and Austria also had military agreements. When the First World War began, it was to be fought by all powers because they were locked into the conflict from the beginning by contracts and alliances. European powers had formed themselves into two rival groups called the Triple Entente versus the Triple Alliance and the interests of these groups clashed in many parts of the world before 1914. Whenever a clash arose, the two groups seemed to be on the edge of war. Believably, on some level, it eventually led to hatred of each other. Contributing fact was that after 1870, the European nations began to acquire colonies in Asia, Africa and the Pacific. Their imperialistic activities led to another clash of interests. It could be said that the underlying causes for war are the same as for everything else in life. One decision affects the other to ad nauseam. It was possible that politicians knew that war was at their doorstep, but I am sure they did not know that over 15 million people will have to pay for it with their lives. Could the First World War be avoided is doubtful, because of the tense relations, rivalry and complicated alliance systems. It was a small scale war between Austria-Hungary and Serbia that transformed into world war. The same could easily happen today when China or USA supports North or South Korea over the conflict. History repeats itself and we need to learn from it. Poking your nose into other people’s business is not the smartest plan when both sides have powerful ‘’brothers’’ positioned farther back.

Saturday, September 21, 2019

Friend Recommendation System Software Design

Friend Recommendation System Software Design CHAPTER 4 SOFTWARE DESIGN DESCRIPTION 4.1Â  INTRODUCTION The Software Design Document provides transcript which will be used to aid in the software development phase of this project by providing the details for how the software should be built. Within the Software Design Document are narrative and graphical documentation of the software design for the project including use case models, sequence diagrams, object behaviour models, and other supporting requirement information. The requirements in SRS will be fully addressed in this software design document or alternative solution should be given. 4.2Â  DESIGN OVERVIEW The purpose of this software design document is to provide insight into the structure and design of each component in the Friend recommendation system. Topics covered include the following: Class hierarchies and interactions Data flow and design (DFD) User interface design Test cases and expected results In short, this document is meant to equip the reader with a solid understanding of the inner workings of the Friend recommendation system. The modules, as can be perceived from figure [ ], are as follows: Collect_Data_From_Sensors Data Collection Data preprocessing Activity Recognition Friend-matching graph construction Friend query and Feedback control These modules will be described in detail in the next section on System Design. 4.3Â  SYSTEM DESIGN This section provides a modular structure of the proposed system and explains each subsystem along with the relationships between the subsystems and the interfaces between the modules. Figure 4.1: The Architecture Diagram 4.4Â  DESIGN CONSTRAINTS: The server should be multithreaded. The Android application at the client side should have a retry mechanism to connect to server. Software System Attributes Usability : The software will be embedded in a website. It should be scalable designed to be easily adopted by a system. Reliability : The system should have accurate results and fast response to user’s changing habits. Security : The system uses GPS location information to find friends within some distance. In order to provide privacy, a region surrounding the accurate location will be uploaded to the system. 4.5Â  MODULE STRUCTURE The below is the structure of modules: Username/password User’s Credentials User Data User Data Query for Processed data Friends Send FeedbackFriend ListFriend List Figure 4.2 : The Module design 4.4.1 DESCRIPTION OF MODULES This section describes each of the above modules in brief. Module: LoginOrRegister This module contains login or registration in order to register the user with Friendbook application. If the user has already registered, then he/she can directly login and start using the application. If he/she is not registered then he/she has to register with friendbook application. Module: Authenticate Users This module compares the entered Username and Password with the respective records among the database entries. If a match is found, then redirects the user to his/her profile page. Else, an appropriate message is thrown and the user is redirected to the registration page. For registration, compares the Username entered with the ones in the database to check its availability. If unavailable, then asks for a different Username, else create a new record in the database and save the entered details. Redirects the user to his/her profile page on registration with appropriate message, if the Username is not already present. If the Username entered during registration is not unique, then an appropriate message is thrown. Name and Usernames should start with an alphabet and Password should contain at least one alphabet and one numeric character and one special character. Module: Collect_Data_From_Sensors Smartphone (e.g., iPhone or Android-based smartphones) are equipped with a rich set of embedded sensors, such as GPS, accelerometer, microphone, gyroscope, and camera. On the client side, each smartphone records data of its user from the sensors such as accelerometer, and GPS information. This collected data is further sent to the server for further processing. Module: Data Collection and Pre-processing This module collects the data sent from the client side. The raw data collected will be in format {time ,latitude ,longitude ,accx ,accy ,accz }. The collected raw data is further pre processed to remove outliers. Median filtering technique is used for outlier detection and removal. An unsupervised learning technique is applied on the preprocessed data to form clusters known as Kmeans clustering algorithm. The resulting clusters forms a list of activities carried out by a user, where each cluster representing an activity. Module: Activity Recognition Now that the k clusters are formed, each represents an activity, lifestyles are further extracted from these activities using LDA algorithm. A library called LAML is used*. It provides a convenient API to get topic structures for an array of input strings.The extracted lifestyles are used to find the similarities between the users. Once the similarity is calculated, the user who has highest similarity is suggested as a friend. Module: User Query and Feedback Control This module performs two tasks, it accepts and responds to user queries (eg, query for friend list) and collects feedback from users in order to improve the accuracy of the friend recommendation system. 4.6Â  INTERFACE DESCRIPTION: The following is the list of external interfaces: SOCIAL NETWORK PORTAL: A portal where the users can do registration by entering their details and also provide a feedback on the recommendations to improve the accuracy of the system. It is implemented using JSP and HTML. MOBILE INTERFACE: It continually sends the daily activities to the server via network using TCP connection. The daily activities are characterized by walking, sitting and GPS location. RECOMMENDATION SYSTEM : This is the interface in which the friend recommender algorithm works in the background. This interface will be used by the users. Customer cannot do many operations, but their feedbacks or ratings are very important to create a relevant recommendation. End users can only provide feedback and view recommendations. HARDWARE INTERFACES : The recommendation system can work on any smartphone device. These devices should have some limit requirements to make the application run effectively. The processor speed and internet speed are expected to be high. SOFTWARE INTERFACES: This system can work on any platform. Internet connection is a must to reach the system. Moreover, most of the application will be coded by Java. Java APIs of database management tools such as Netbeans, which is a standalone workbench application to interact with database management tools. 4.6.1 Use Case Diagrams And Key Features A use case diagram is a kind of behavioral design, which is constructed from an analysis. It presents a graphical synopsis of the capabilities provided by a system in terms of actors, aims and dependencies between use cases. Friend book user can perform following activities: Install the application in their mobiles Login/Register with the application View the list of most similar friends Upload feedback for improving accuracy of the system. The Use Case diagram in Figure 4.3, shows the different functionalities a friendbook user can perform. Figure 4.3 : Friendbook User Use Case The System can perform following activities: Collect raw data from users Pre-process the data Perform Activity Recognition and extract the lifestyles using LDA Find the list of friends based on similarity between users Handle Feedback Figure 4.4 : The Server Part Use Case 4.8Â  Class Diagram Top Level Client-Side Class Diagram: The client side class diagram, mainly consists of UI(user interface) required for a user to register with the application by providing user’s information, after which user will be able to login and start the service. Once the application starts, it continually records the values from sensors in the format: The above values are to the server at regular intervals (say 3secs). In order to send the values to server a TCP connection is setup. Once the connection is setup, the device will start sending the data. The users can also provide a feedback on the recommendation results given to them. Top Level Server-Side Class Diagram: The server-side class diagram, consists of classes that are executed in a sequential manner. Firstly, ActivityClustering class collects the data sent from the android device, and pre-processes it using median filtering technique. After the data is filtered, the processed data is then partitioned into k clusters using k-means algorithm. Next, a class known as ConvertToActivitySeq is invoked, which maps the activities to cluster they are close to and produces a list containing sequence of activities i.e,. the life document. This document is further given as an input to LifeStylemodelling class, which computes p(word/document) i.e, it calculates probability of word given the document matrix. This matrix is then decomposed to produce two matrices, called p(word/lifestyle) and p(lifestyle/document). Finally, p(lifestyle/document) matrix is used to calculate the similarities of the lifestyles between users. 4.8Â  DATA FLOW DIAGRAM The data flow diagrams are pictorial representation of data flowing in the system. DFD’s are used for the purpose of viewing the data processing in the system. In a data flow diagram, the data elements flow from external or an internal data source, through an internal process. Level 0 Data Flow Diagram A level 0 DFD or a context level design represents the intercommunication between the system and external sources, which act as data sinks. In Level 0 DFD, the interaction between the system and external entity are designed in terms of data flows across the system boundaries. This level diagram shows the complete system as a single procedure. In the DFD diagram shown in Fig*, the lifestyle information are the sensor values sent from the client i.e., android phone to the server. The data sent from client are processed to produce a list of potential friends. Figure 4.* : Level 0 DFD of Lifestyle based friend recommender Level 1 Data Flow Diagram The level 1 DFD, exhibits how the system is split into sub components, where each component represents one or more data flows to or from an external source. And when combined, it provides the complete functionality of the system as a whole. It represents the inter components data flows in a specific sequence and also the data flow between the components of the system. The proposed application consists of the components as shown in the figure 5.*. It first performs data collection, raw data pre-processing by noise removal, Activity recognition where each cluster represents an activity and finally calculates similaties between users to suggest a friend. Figure 5.* : Level 1 DFD of Lifestyle based friend recommender 4.9Â  OBJECTS AND ACTIONS (SEQUENCE DIAGRAM) The sequence diagrams shows below. Sequence for Setup Connection: This sequence is to set up FOR TCP connection between user and the server. Also monitors GPS and Accelerometer by collecting the data from them. Sequence for Monitor Result to the server: The raw data, that is sent from the client is collected by server. And the collected raw data is pre-processed for outlier removal. Sequence for Finding Friends: When the user queries for the friend list, the server accepts the request from the client and responds by sending the potential list of friends. Sequence for Data Collection: The data collection module collects life documents from users’ smartphones. The life document is collection of users activities. The life styles of users are extracted by the life style analysis module with the probabilistic topic model(by using a library for LDA ). Then the life style indexing module puts the life styles of users into the database in the format of (life- style, user) instead of (user, life-style). As the packet arrives , these packet will be store in files. Sequence for Preprocessing: The user sends data, and preprocesses to make the data consistent, by remove irrelevant data.The preprocessed data is converted into archive and upload to the database. Sequence for Database Connection: Data base connection is established when a friend request query is posed. A TCP connection will be established between user and server. Server will process this request and respond with the extracted information from the database i.e, the list of potential friends. 4.10Â  PSEUDO CODE MOBILE END: SERVER SIDE PSEUDO CODE:

Friday, September 20, 2019

Romanticism :: Romantic Period Essays

Romanticism It was a reaction against the Enlightenment and yet akin in that they both assumed life was designed for human happiness. However the Enlightenment placed reason at the center of human achievement. Romanticismm distrusted the human intellect and placed its value on the emotions and intuitive qualities. The natural and spontaneous was deemed good. The highest truths would be derived from the instantaneous of the individual. It gloried in the unlimited potential of the individual. There was an overall feeling of optimism and belief of a utopia. Romanticism reinforced the emotionalism of the period and its philosophies influenced the Transcendental movement. Romanticism began in the early 19th century and radically changed the way people perceived themselves and the state of nature around them. Unlike Classicism, which stood for order and established the foundation for architecture, literature, painting and music, Romanticism allowed people to get away from the constricted, rational views of life and concentrate on an emotional and sentimental side of humanity. This not only influenced political doctrines and ideology, but was also a sharp contrast from ideas and harmony featured during the Enlightenment. The Romantic era grew alongside the Enlightenment, but concentrated on human diversity and looking at life in a new way. It was the combination of modern Science and Classicism that gave birth to Romanticism and introduced a new outlook on life that embraced emotion before rationality. . Romanticism began to show the people that the Enlightenment had overstayed its welcome by leading the people to a future that offered a vision of mankind as being part of a group rather than an individual. G. W. F. Hegel, a German philosopher, rejected the rational philosophy of the 18th century because he believed in "Idealism". This involved looking at life in terms of the importance of ideas, not thought the narrow tunnel of materialism and wealth. By advocating Idealism, Hegel concluded that mankind could be led by his spirit, his soul, rather than the establishment or the status quo. Although Romanticism was perhaps conservative in nature, every participant of this swift and silent movement could relish in his own free and glorious vision of nature.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Romanticism was not a political movement or a reformist package offered by a group of dissidents; Romanticism was a time when mankind could restructure his outlook on life so that he was able to reach new heights of

Thursday, September 19, 2019

Tracing Changes in Pythagoras Speech in Ovids Metamorphoses

Tracing Changes in Pythagoras' Speech in Ovid's Metamorphoses    Change in Ovid, as well as in life, seems to be the only constant.  Ã‚   Change is the subject of the Metamorphoses and Ovid's purpose in recounting myths is established from the very beginning: "My intention is to tell of bodies changed to different forms... with a poem that runs from the world's beginning to our own days" (1.1-4).   From this foundation, Ovid launches into his stories, using metamorphosis more as a vehicle for telling his stories than as an actual subject matter.   Although he retells religious myths, Ovid is not writing a religious manuscript.   Rather, the product is a work of literature.   Ovid is conscious that he is writing literature, not religion, and implied in his intention to tell "of bodies changed" is also to demonstrate how skillful he can retell these stories.   Ovid could have dealt with the metamorphoses theme in a philosophical manner, but philosophy seems out of place in this rich literary work.   For this reason, the speech of Pythagoras in book fifteen seems to be an odd shift in tone. Using Pythagoras as a mouthpiece, Ovid's playful narrative abruptly turns into a long diatribe against meat eating.   Given the informal nature of the previous fourteen books, this scene seems out of place.   But the Pythagorean episode is not without its purpose.   Pythagoras' speech on the nature of metamorphosis is Ovid's way of contrasting his own eloquent style of narration in the Metamorphoses.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   By contrast, Pythagoras' speech is a rather dry oration.   It is a reminder on Ovid's part of what the Metamorphoses would have been had he concentrated on metamorphosis as an actual subject rather than a literary vehicle.1   Unlike Ovid's oth... ... part, immortal, will be borne above the stars; my name will be remembered... I shall be living always" (15.867-879).   This is a highly ironic ending, especially since in the Pythagorean episode, Ovid has asserted that nothing save the soul is immortal.   Ovid seems pretentious to assert that his poetry will be "immortal."   But we have not read the Metamorphoses correctly if we take this seriously.   Ovid's tone is tongue-in-cheek in a large majority of his poem, and it be would out of character for him to assert this.   It is a bit of subtle humor on Ovid's part.   Humorous or conceited, Ovid so far has proven to be correct.    1 Karl Galinsky, Ovid's Metamorphoses: An Introduction to the Basic Aspects, University of California Press, 1975, p 106. 2 Richard D. McKirahan, Jr., Philosophy Before Socrates, Hackett Publishers, 1994, p 81. 3 Galinsky, 48.

Wednesday, September 18, 2019

The Electric Bass Essay -- Music

The creation of the electric bass, or an electric guitar envisioned double bass, has revolutionized the way music is both written and performed and will continue to be a driving force behind virtually every genre of music. Even though the electric bass* can be seen as a necessary creation in order to match the ever-increasing volume of live music, especially rock, it can also be viewed as a breath of fresh air and new outlook on acoustic instruments. The electric bass has both physically and functionally had an interesting development since its birth, but one thing for certain is that even trailing behind the electric guitar at first, this instrument has stepped away and cemented its place into music. Electric basses share some of the basic physical aspects of their acoustic brethren, the upright double bass, but also have their own defining characteristics that make the electric bass what it is. Generally speaking, an electric bass is composed of three major parts on which it is further subdivided: â€Å"You can divide the bass into three sections: The neck, the body, and the innards. The different parts of the neck and the body are easy to see, while the innards aren’t so obvious† (Pfeiffer, Patrick). Looking to the neck, one can see that there is actually at least four other important parts, those being: the headstock, tuning machines, nut, and fretboard. Their functions, respectively, are: to provide a spot to which the tuning machines can reside; tunes the strings up or down to achieve a particular pitch; keeps the strings held off of the fretboard and spaced evenly; the place in which you fret notes to be played. The body of the bass is where most of the reso nation will come from and the tonewood will dictate the overall char... ...layer and teacher based in Seattle, Washington† who set up the company Audiovox and produced the Model 736 Bass Fiddle around 1936. Its design consisted of â€Å"†¦a roughly guitar-shape walnut body, a single pickup and control knob on a pearloid pickguard, a neck with 16 frets, and a cord emerging from a jack on the upper side of the body† (Bacon 8-9). Tutmarc was the first to get almost everything right in designing an electric bass, but did not meet with good commercial sales. Then, in 1951 Leo Fender would set the standard for electric basses by introducing his Precision Bass to the world. Works Cited Bacon, Tony, and Barry Moorhouse. The Bass Book. New York: Backbeat, 1995. Print. Jeans, Sir James. Science & Music. Cambridge: University Press, 1953. Print. Pfeiffer, Patrick. Bass Guitar for Dummies. Indianapolis, Indiana: Wiley Publishing Inc, 2003. Print.

Tuesday, September 17, 2019

First Year Experience

English 1301 Professor Terri Craig 20th March 2018Registration DayWelcome to Lonestar Cy fair for the spring semester of 2018 all new and incoming first year college students. We here at Lonestar wish nothing but the best for you in your academic careers; while pursing your degree, in whatever that may be. Today will be your first introduction into the Lonestar college and registration system. The registration process may seem overwhelming at first but that is simply because you have never had an experience like it before. Once you understand how everything operates around here, you will realize how simple and easy registration really is. I will be going over deciding your major, choosing your classes, and setting up financial aid. Everything will be explained in detail so that there will not be any confusion along the process. First things first, you all want to have a major so that you all do not waste your time. Everyone is not expected to know exactly what they would like to major in, so having an idea is also fine. To anyone who is unsure on their major you can meet up with any of our advisors here at the school free of charge Monday through Friday. They will dig into your personality a bit, asking you various questions such as are you more of an introvert or extrovert, also your preferences to point you in the right direction of what to major in. The advisors will also help students decide on which classes to take to reach the ultimate goal of graduating. Deciding on a major is important for two reasons when first starting off college. Reason one being that you all do not want to waste your time chasing a career path that does not suit you or you do not enjoy. Secondly, in order to pick your classes accordingly, you have to have a major. Having a major brings me into my second topic, which is picking your classes.Picking your classes will be the easiest task you have on registration day. You all will choose your classes in the enrolment lab; the Enrollment Lab is a computer lab located on the first floor and is available to students who need assistance. During this process you will be able to decide on the days, time, and types of classes you wish to take. Do you want to have class in a classroom or online? Or do you want to have a mixture of both? Are you a morning person who can function or do you prefer to sleep in and have class later in the day? You have the option to pick and decide how you want to approach your classes. If you would like to know more about your potential professor, you can look up the different reviews they have to decide if they best match your learning style. Once you have decided on your classes, all you have to do is register and you are good to go. Its best to pick classes that day because they will often fill up quickly. Now that you all have decided on your major and which classes to go along with that, you need to check in with financial aid.Financial aid is not a requirement for everyone who attends college, but for most it is a major help. If you are interested in financial aid, save yourself the hassle and have everything you need prepared before you go, to save yourself a bit of time. Financial aid is funding available to students to assist with the completion of academic programs if you qualify for it. This includes student loans, scholarships, and work study programs just to name a few. It is best to go early to the financial aid office because it is often the busiest on registration day. Registration day is always confusing for any new comer into any college system. However, as you can tell the, registration process is not that difficult at all. Once you decide on a major, the other steps just come naturally. I hope you all find it simple and easy to navigate around the school on registration day.

Monday, September 16, 2019

Prohibition Research

Others suggested that those who drank should be: D hung by the tongue beneath an airplane and flown over the country o exiled to concentration camps in the Aleutian Islands o excluded from any and all churches o forbidden to marry tortured o branded o whipped o sterilized o tattooed o placed in battleship cages in public squares o forced to swallow two ounces of caster oil a executed, as well as their progeny to the fourth generation. ; A major prohibitionist group, the Women's Christian Temperance Union (WEST) taught as â€Å"scientific fact† that the majority of beer drinkers die from droopier (edema or swelling). Prohibition agents routinely broke the law themselves. They shot innocent people and regularly destroyed citizens' vehicles, homes, businesses, and vii other valuable property. They even illegally sank a large Canadian ship. Bathtub gird' got its name from the fact that alcohol, glycerin and juniper jug was mixed in bottles or jugs too tall to be filled with water from a sink tap so they were commonly filled under a bathtub tap. The speakeasy got its name because one had to whisper a code word or name through a slot in a locked door to gain admittance.Prohibition led to widespread disrespect for law. New York City alone had about thirty thousand (yes, 30,000) speakeasies. And even public leaders flaunted their disregard for the law. They included the Speaker of the united States House of Representatives, who owned and operated an illegal still. Some desperate and unfortunate people during Prohibition falsely believed t hat the undrinkable alcohol in antifreeze could be made safe and drinkable by filtering it through a loaf of bread. It couldn't and many were seriously injured or xi killed as a result.In Los Angels, a jury that had heard a bootlegging case was itself put on trial after it drank the evidence. The jurors argued in their defense that they had simply been sampling the evidence to determine whether or not it contained alcohol, whic h they determined it did. However, because they consumed the evidence, the defendant charged with bootlegging had to be acquitted. When the ship, Washington, was launched, a bottle of water rather than xiii Champagne, was ceremoniously broken across its bow. Prohibition led to a boom in the cruise industry.By taking what were advertise deed as â€Å"cruises to nowhere,† people could legally consume alcohol as soon as the ship entered international waters where they would typically cruise in circles. National Prohibition not only failed to prevent the consumption of alcohol, buy led to the extensive production of dangerous unregulated and untaxed alcohol 01, the development Of organized crime, increased violence, and massive political irruption. The human body produces its own supply of alcohol naturally on a continuous basis, 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Therefore, we always have alcohol in our bodies.Prohibition clearly benefited some people. Notorious bootlegger AY Ca pons made sixty million dollars†¦ Per year (untaxed! ) while the average industrial worker earned less than $1 ,OHO per year. But not everyone benefited. By the time Prohibition was repealed, nearly 800 gangsters in the City of Chicago alone had been killed in battleground shootings. And, of course, thousands of citizens were killed, blinded, or xviii realized as a result of drinking contaminated bootleg alcohol. The â€Å"Father of Prohibition,† Congressman Andrew J. Evolutes, was defeated shortly after Prohibition was imposed.

Sunday, September 15, 2019

Governmen assistance programs

Thousands of people rely on these services daily, without these programs for some daily life is not possible. I for one oppose these government assistance programs and agree with the statement † Welfare has become a system that creates dependency and is a crutch for which individuals never aspire to do better†. Food Stamps otherwise known as Supplemental Nutritional Assistance Program (SNAP). It is a federal aid program, administered by the U. S. Department of Agriculture.SNAP is the largest nutrition assistance program and is estimated to eave served more than 40 million low income Americans per year. The program started in 1939 due to unmarketable food surpluses and widespread unemployment. I believe Food Stamps are being abused in our society by most, and have become a free pass for Junk food, I think the government should stop funding it. WICK was created in 1974 as a response to the realization that hunger and poverty were widespread in this country and that inadequa te nutrition poses a real threat to the human body.The program is aimed at low-income pregnant women, breastfeeding women, and infants and children under the age of five. WICK started in 1968 when physicians described to the Department of Health, Education and Welfare and the USDA that young women, often pregnant, came to their clinics with various ailments that were caused by a lack of food. The doctors would prescribe needed foods, with the prescription acting as a sort of food voucher. I believe WICK keeps low Income families stable and should continue being funded.Public Housing Is housing administered by federal, state and local agencies to provide subsidized assistance for low-income households. According to Wisped â€Å"Permanent, federally funded sousing came Into being In the United States as a part of Franklin Roosevelt New Deal. Title II, Section 202 of the National Industrial Recovery Act, passed June 16, 1933, directed the Public Works Administration (PAW) to develop a program for the â€Å"construction, reconstruction, alteration, or repair under public regulation or control of low-cost housing and slum-clearance projects†¦ . However most of current-day public houses or â€Å"projects† have degenerated Into areas of poverty. I believe that public housing needs to be updated because of this reason. As according to Businesslike. Com most republicans agree that governmental orgasm should stop being funded such as Food Stamps. They claim the program Isn't tax-friendly. Democrats claim The programs help vulnerable people at a time when It Is difficult to find Jobs and feed families.Nonetheless I think these federal programs should stop being funded because they create a dependency and some waste taxpayer dollars, however I think there should be cheaper, and more thought- through alternatives that actually solve peoples problems or help to an extent without the programs being taken advantage of. Government assistance programs By playfello ws the prescription acting as a sort of food voucher. I believe WICK keeps low income families stable and should continue being funded.Public Housing is housing low-income households. According to Wisped â€Å"Permanent, federally funded housing came into being in the United States as a part of Franklin Roosevelt New public houses or â€Å"projects† have degenerated into areas of poverty. I believe that As according to Businesslike. Com most republicans agree that governmental isn't tax-friendly. Democrats claim The programs help vulnerable people at a time when it is difficult to find Jobs and feed families. Nonetheless I think these federal

Saturday, September 14, 2019

Driving at 16

In the state of Pennsylvania you can obtain a driver’s license at 16 years of age. There are a lot of disadvantages for teens driving at that age. Statistics and research show that their brains aren’t fully develop, they don’t have enough hours or time driving under the different weather conditions, they are more prone to having accidents, and their insurance rates are high. You would think teenagers would be the world’s best drivers. Their muscles are supple and their reflexes are quick. Though car crashes are the leading cause of death more than drugs, guns, violence, or any disease. The National Institutes of Health conducted a research on brain immaturity of teenagers and how it can affect the driving and their judgment. The study shows that the region of the brain that inhibits risky behavior is not fully developed until about the age 25 which greatly impacts the nations driving laws. Here is a diagram showing how the brain matures from age 5 to 20. This just simply proves how teenagers and there lack of judgment and impulse can improve through maturity by age. Besides the maturity level of the brain of a teenager, another disadvantage is the hours driving under the wheel. They currently do not have enough hours and time driving under different weather climates to understand how that can affect maturity of their driving. In Pennsylvania, 16 year olds only have to drive for 50 hours and can obtain a junior license after 6 months of driving. So for an example you get your permit in April you can have your junior license in October. What about the winter months? That’s an important month because that’s deals with snow and ice factors. A third disadvantage for 16 year olds are accident rates are high. Teenagers are four times more likely than older drivers to be involved in a car crash and three times as likely to die in one, according to the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. In 2008, PennDOT released an article on: Reminding Teen Drivers to Avoid Distractions While Driving. There was 23,059 crashes involving teenager driving and out of those crashes 194 fatalities. In 2009, Pennsylvania Crash Facts and Statistics show there were 22,473 crashes and 186 involving fatalities. Even though the percentage has gone down a little, that’s still way too many. Too many teenagers now a days talk and text while driving, continue to eat or drink, don’t wear seat belts, listening to loud music, goofing off with their friends, and have too many friends in the car. Then what happens is you lose focus on the road, the traffic around you, and causes you to have an accident. Which will affect your driving record and your insurance rate will go even higher. Which brings me to the final reason why driving at 16 has a disadvantage is the insurance rates are high. Teenage male drivers are 3 times a higher risk than teenage female drivers. A 78% statistic shows through Bureau of Highway Safety and Traffic Engineering and Pennsylvania Department of Transportation that more teenage males tend to have accidents. They also like to race each other in streets and tend to get more driving tickets. Even though taking the driving course through your school or driving class may help it still is a high rate. Plus teenagers are under their parents insurance until they reach 18. So if the parent has an excellent driving record and the teenager is careless or has an accident this than affects the parents. Which I think is unfair. It should affect the teen not the parent. Here are some solutions to all these disadvantages for a 16 year old having a driver’s license in the state of Pennsylvania. Right away I would raise the age to 17. I would than raise the hours of driving from 50 hours to 75 to start. I would also make it that instead of 6 months to obtaining a junior driver’s license; you would have 9 to 10 months until you can obtain one. That way you can be able to learn how to drive under all weather conditions. I also feel that teenagers should only be able to drive back and forth to work like a bread and butter license until you reach a certain number of hours and your driving record is clean. Change the time frame for allowing teenagers to drive. An example would be from 6 a. m. to 10 p. m. after that someone over the age of 18 would have to drive. The number of passenger’s in a car would be changed to only allowing 1 person under the age of 18 in a car. Since you would have to be 17 now to drive, I would also make it that you can obtain your own insurance policy. Or, if you or your parents want you under their policy it would only affect you if you get into an accident or get tickets. In some counties they have passed that you can’t text or talk on a phone while driving. They should pass this everywhere. This would all help reduce the accident rates and insurance rates. It is clear that if we could get some new laws passed or raise the age, this would resolve a lot statistics of teenage driving. In return they would be more mature and would make better choices and decisions. REFERENCES: The Washington Post (2005). The Developing Brain. Retrieved from http://washingtonpost. com DMV. org (2011 September 26). Pennsylvania Teen Drivers Guide. Retrieved from http://www. dmv. org PRNewswire (2011 September 26). PennDOT Reminds Teen Drivers to Avoid Distractions While Driving. Retrieved from http://www. prnewswire. com PennDOT (2009). Pennsylvania Crash Facts and Statistics. Retrieved from http://www. dot. state. pa. us The Daily Local (2011). Maturity Level of the Brain. Retrieved from http://www. dailylocal. com

Friday, September 13, 2019

E-Commerce Payment Methods Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

E-Commerce Payment Methods - Research Paper Example Continuous studies reveal that offering alternative methods of paying increase sales because of the fact that, the several options of payment offered by an electronic store increases the likelihood for customers to find a mode that suits them best when making a purchase online. This paper will take a research that expounds on electronic commerce payment methods and their affluence on today’s world. Bill Me Later Different people have different views regarding some methods of settling debts. Likely, as a shopper, you have used several of the most popular methods of payment . However, when it comes to setting up a Web shop, exactly what does storekeeper require in order providing a choice of modes of payments to his customers? This research outlines the steps needed to take to incorporate three popular alternative methods of payment, which include Bill Me Later, Google Checkout, and Pay Pal in to a business . To begin with, Bill Me Later is an optional form of payment the, with reference to the vice president of Bill Me Later, marketing department Vince Talbert, this instrument has more than 3 million users within 700 sites and 300 call centers worldwide. During the interview, Vince Talbert said, this company offers its clients a lower cost compared to credit cards and as surprising as it may sound, it assumes the hazards of fraud for both the merchants and consumers thus guaranteeing payment for merchants3. Further findings reveal that, Bill Me Later requires a merchant account whereby, a bank extends a credit line to a business so that the business can accept payment by major credit card. In so doing, if an online merchant finds it necessary to incorporate this method into his site, Vince Talbert said the process is a straightforward one. When a willing client contacts Bill Me Later, the company representative leads him through the task required to fold the requisite data into the existing merchant account. After, to get it up and running on a site, the process is two fold. On one end, there is basic HTML work and on the other, the client needs to fill some merchant processor database work. This research revealed that, this company provides sample code together with promotional messaging and a check out screen that electronic businesses can use while at their sites. The designers the response of Bill Me Later designed it to work just like a response of an authorization card making it easy for merchants to store it in their systems. Bill Me Later is advantageous over its competitors because, according to Vince, Bill Me Later is just as simple as a Master card or Visa card transaction on both the front and back end. Consumers provide a small amount of identification data; mainly their date of birth and the last four digits of their Social Security number and authorization process take place within three seconds. This mode of payment has no complications as it only requires merchants to keep their code of response in their ordering or fulfillment management system in order for them to be able to generate settlement requests the same way they do in the case of processing a credit card4. Google Check out With Google Checkout, merchants are able to charge the credit cards of their customers and do order tracking via the fulfillment process as well as receive payments of orders in bank account. This research carried a critical evaluation whereby it foun d out that, unlike Bill Me later, Google Checkout does not require someone to have a merchant bank account.

Thursday, September 12, 2019

The Life of Carl Theodor Dreyer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Life of Carl Theodor Dreyer - Essay Example Before coming into the care of Danish Lutheran typographer Carl Theodor Dreyer and his wife Inger Marie at the age of two, the infant Nielsen was already placed in two foster homes. It should be noted that even before the adoption was finally legalized, the mother of Dreyer died after consuming a large dose of phosphorous in order to induce miscarriage as she was then pregnant again with her second child out of wedlock (Acquarello 1). The young Dreyer never got the opportunity of developing a good relationship with his foster parents as they constantly reminded him that his mother had neglected her social responsibilities. They have also expected that Dreyer will recompense them on their charity (Alleva 3). It is uncertain whether Dreyer had learned the story behind his true identity, yet this circumstance in his life has left a profound impact on the famous film director as evidenced by his filmography. What has become apparent is that Dreyer has endured a deep wound even if he avoids talking about his childhood and parental estrangement in his numerous interviews and public appearances (Acquarello 1). Dreyer excelled academically. ... He became a celebrity profiler for Scandinavian theater artists. He worked as a reporter in several prominent newspapers which include Berlingske Tindendi, Politiken, and Riget. Being a very talented writer, Dreyer captured the promising aviation industry by his "technically comprehensive articles." The Nordisk Film Company then employed him as a hot air balloon technical adviser. Dreyer started in the film industry by doing the titling and writing film scripts for a number of studios before signing an exclusive contract with Nordisk. Within this company, Dreyer had shown his exceptional skill in film editing. The encouragement and tutelage of Wilhelm Staehr became the stepping stone of Dreyer to venture into film directing (Acquarello 3). The first film of Dreyer created in 1918 was a "banal melodrama" entitled The President. Even in this first movie, the director already revealed his objective of creating a personal stamp in the movie industry. It should be noted that instead of selecting studio actors employed by Nordisk, Dreyer opted to respond to his artistic intuition by personally electing his own cast of professional and non-professional actors. Dreyer selected his artists for "their appropriate face types to the situational and psychological profile of the character that they portray" (Acquarello 3). The director also chose to create an atmosphere of realism and naturalness in his film by doling out cosmetics and ornately decorated sets. It is irrefutable that The President depicts an important issue in Dreyer's life. The film tackles the issue of a biological parents' moral responsibility for a child conceived out of wedlock. The story line is about "a prominent and well respected judge [who] is forced to decide the

Wednesday, September 11, 2019

Managing Information Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Managing Information - Essay Example Leibold et al. (2002) assert that during last three decades the world has gone through the important turning period in its economic, political and social history, which is related to the increasing appreciation of new values, such as openness, freedom, interdependency, networking and collaboration. It is accompanied by the acceleration of technological changes and impetuous development of computer and electronic communications. In the organisational context these processes entailed significant shifts in strategic management thinking and implementations: from information to knowledge and wisdom; from bureaucracies to networks; from training / development to learning; from local / national to transnational / global and meta-national; from competitive to collaborative thinking; from single and multi-connective relationships to bio-corporate relationships (Leibold et al. 2002: p.14). All these changes clearly reveal that the current era of the global economy is primarily based on knowled ge and intellectual assets rather than on material and financial assets. This era is often called New Economy or Knowledge Economy (Drucker 1994; Davenport & Prusak 1998), where knowledge is considered as a key organisational asset, which ensures sustainable competitive advantages for companies (Alavi & Leidner 2001). Companies in its turn also represent a new form of organisations, which exploit specific organisational structures and new information technologies, and base their business upon a development of core competencies through knowledge and expertise sharing and organisational learning. This paper is aimed to discuss modern concepts and approaches related to management of knowledge in organisations, and critically assess the role of Knowledge Management in creation of sustainable competitive advantages of enterprises. 3.0 Key Findings 3.1 Supporting Knowledge Management Understanding Knowledge in Organisations Knowledge in organisations is considered as â€Å"any text, fact , example, event, rule, hypothesis, or model that increases understanding or performance in a domain or discipline† (Liebowitz & Beckman 1998: p.49). Another useful definition of knowledge is â€Å"a fluid mix of framed experience, values, contextual information, and expert insights that provides a framework for evaluating and incorporating new experiences and information. In organisations, it often becomes embedded not only in documents and repositories but also in organizational routines, processes, practices, and norms† (Davenport & Prusak 1998: p.5). Allee (1997: p.62) explains that when information is involved in the larger context of meaning, when it is analysed and linked with other information, when it is referred to existing patterns, social and cultural biases and interpretations – then it becomes knowledge. So, evidently, knowledge can be organised and classified, having the properties of an object. At the same time, â€Å"knowledge can be viewed as a process of transformation through creation, adaptation, enhancement and application† (Allee 1997: p. 47). Or, in other words, â€Å"knowledge is the process of knowing, a reflexive process that takes data and information, in a social context, mixes the ingredients and factors [experience, judgment, common sense, rules of thumb, values and beliefs, basic truths, context, best practices, emotions, desires] to generate new data, information, and/or knowledge†

Tuesday, September 10, 2019

Caffeine and the Brain Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Caffeine and the Brain - Term Paper Example Generally CNS stimulants are addictive. The drugs that fall under this category include nicotine, methamphetamine and caffeine. Dextroamphetamine and Methylphenidate are prescribed medications. They are used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD). They are also used to treat narcolepsy. Overdose of these drugs can cause hallucinations, fast breathing, weakness in the muscles, aggressive behavior, coma, among other effects. If these drugs are taken in large doses or over a long period of time the user may become addicted to them. Many over the counter pills used for treating headaches have caffeine as their main ingredient. Pills that also help the user to stay awake for a considerable long period of time also list caffeine as a major ingredient. Other common uses include diet pills and medication for the common cold. The concentration of caffeine in these common medications is less specific than those of prescribed drugs. Caffeine produces similar symptoms like those caused by prescribed stimulants. Even a small dose can affect the brain and nervous system. It also acts on the heart, bladder and muscular movements. Ingesting small doses, however, does not result in problems. Persons who take coffee everyday take a longer time to get a certain effect when compared with non drinkers or occasional users. Larger doses can result in nervousness, palpitation, nausea, insomnia and headache. There are other adverse effects associated with larger doses. Persons using the drug for the first time and ingesting large doses may end up having caffeine jitters, convulsions and even tachycardia. Taking extra large doses of the drug can be fatal. Taking more than 5,000 mg at any one time or at short intervals will be fatal. Studies have shown that a daily dosage of up to 400 mg per day is unlikely to cause any adverse effects (Nawrot et al.), except for women who are considering pregnancy as well as children. The adverse effects high

Knowledge of Human Cognitive Abilities and How it Can Help People to Coursework

Knowledge of Human Cognitive Abilities and How it Can Help People to Learn Computer Systems - Coursework Example And cognitive abilities are the processing skills of a brain to carry on a particular task. As Per (Michelone) â€Å"Cog ­ni ­tive abil ­i ­ties are the brain-based skills we need to carry out any task from the sim ­plest to the most com ­plex. They have more to do with the mech ­a ­nisms of how we learn, remem ­ber, problem-solve, and pay atten ­tion rather than with any actual knowl ­edge†. Generally speaking, cognitive abilities are the mechanism by which our brain operates to accomplish different tasks of our daily life. An in- depth study of cognitive skill greatly help a person to improve his learning capacity and task performing ability. Any learning or activity task can be segregated according to cognitive functioning and process can be made simpler and convenient accordingly. Everyone today knows that our world is operating extensively with the support of computers .And obviously, learning and performing computers tasks requires ample amount of c ognitive abilities and skills. So, if a person could enhance his cognitive abilities he can very well upgrade his level of understanding about the working system of computers. It not only essential for him to perceive thing systematically but also should be able to clearly differentiate every functions to make the learning process easy and less complicated. Learning computer is not a very easy task; it needs extensive use of memory, logic and cognitive skills. In computer learning there are different stages in which the learner pass through to achieve successful learning. Mainly the basics of computer learning may not require intense cognitive skills or capabilities. But as one cross the basic level and enters in to more complex learning session, the knowledge of cognitive skills becomes necessary and helpful. In advanced level of computer learning, like software development and data processing, high scale of information processing skills and decision making ability is required. Acc ording to (Singley,24) â€Å"When students are gives tasks beyond their skill level, the variability among students decreases. The better students are able to span the gap; the worst students are not†. Learning of programming and applying reasoning ability in the decision making process requires a great deal of memory, logic and brain processing. If a learner has knowledge about his cognitive abilities and have deeper understanding about the way in which brain operates, then he can learn things faster and easier. Decision making skill and problem solving skills are important in computer learning and if a learner understands his cognitive abilities he can gain much confidence in his learning process. Most Psychological theories consider that cognitive skills are multi faceted and are correlated with other abilities of an individual. It is usually seen that some people understand, grasp and solve things more quickly, while others require more time and energy. The understanding of personal cognitive ability is very essential for a person to develop his ability in learning process of computer systems. One should understand how the brain perceive things, process information and store information in short term and long term memory. The stability, diversity and growth of our personal mental processing and use and transformation of our external and internal information to think, learn and communicate are highly related. If we understand well the mental processing and brain mechanism then the learning of computer systems can be made simpler and less time consuming. It is very essential to understand the cognitive abiliti

Monday, September 9, 2019

Rise in Corporate Debts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Rise in Corporate Debts - Essay Example The continuous increase in corporate debt has direct impacts on the financial health of any given sector and by extension other sectors of an economy. Companies with large amounts of debts are susceptible during economic recessions because their debts cannot be reduced or paid back easily. As a result, such companies are forced to limit their investments significant to their going concern in the markets (Talley 1). This may also call for downsizing of its human resource causing inefficiency in operations in both the short and the long run. These actions would result in a diminished overall productivity of a company. Moreover, it would also contribute towards an economic downturn as capital goods orders reduce and laid-off workers cut back purchases. When heavily indebted companies succumb to the economic pressures, and the financial crisis persists, bankruptcy sets in. this leads to potentially large losses and costs to creditors, employees and all stakeholders. In addition, the article states that the likely cause of the increase in corporate debt is driven by weak balance sheets owned by several companies. In addition, weak levels of profitability have prompted firms to borrow in order to sustain their basic operations (Talley 1). According to research conducted by global banking group, the high-yield corporate issuances of loans in Europe increased by 50% as compared to the year 2012. Some of these loans were issued to riskiest terms in relation to their economic operations. These business organizations’ financial health can be measured using leverage, liquidity and their overall solvency. In these corporations, leverage is defined as the ration of a company’s debt to its long-run earnings capacity. Companies with high debt levels as compared to their ability to earn profitable are vulnerable to the global economic troubles. Liquidity refers to a business organization’s ability to clear its debt obligations relative t o their long-term profitability. Low liquidity in a firm leads to difficulties in meeting debt repayment obligations. Solvency indicates the corporate health status of a firm that includes capital, revenue, profitability, leverage and liquidity. These characteristics explain reasons for

Sunday, September 8, 2019

The Responsibility of Public in Crime Control Strategies Essay

The Responsibility of Public in Crime Control Strategies - Essay Example It not only depends upon different institutional frameworks but also takes into consideration the geographical as well as linguistic considerations before it can actually be implemented in its entirety. It is, however, important to understand that the overall concept of crime control and prevention largely depends upon how State can actually play its part in defining the roles and responsibilities of various stakeholders involved. During the 1970s and 1980s, it was strongly assessed that crime control and prevention may not be entirely under the control of State. Increasingly, government authorities believed that crime control is actually beyond the power of State. There were two important arguments which suggested this phenomenon i.e. the limited capacity of the criminal justice institutions in controlling the crime and there are crime control mechanisms which are outside the boundaries of the State. It was considered that by reforming the State institution as well as involving non-state mechanisms, government authorities can actually effectively devise new mechanisms to control and prevent crime. Crime prevention comprises of any acts taken by the public institutions or private individuals which are aimed at reducing the damage done by the acts which are defined as criminal acts by the State’s criminal laws. Public protection has become one of the key public issues and much legislation has been done in this regard to ensure that society can effectively deal with the criminal few and develop public protection to the point where society as a whole feel more safer.( Ashworth & Zedner,2012) The above definition therefore critically suggests the involvement of private individuals in crime prevention. The public and private partnership in order to prevent crime are considered as an essential tool in order to ensure that the society as a whole functions crime free. What is also, however, important to understand that crime prevention is a relatively fluid term and it has been suggested that it needs to be classed in order to effectively understand the term and its application.   Â