Historiography Paper II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Historiography Paper II - Essay Example Following the end of World War Two, the US still faced a real threat from the USSR; this is where the foreign policy came in. Leading US politicians, statesmen and agencies designed a foreign policy that would cushion the country from negative ramifications brought about by its rapid rise as a global power. Specifically, the policy aimed at winning as many â€Å"friends† as possible and alienating hard-line anti-American nations. The Good Neighbor Policy, which the United States employed in its dealings with Latin American countries2. This policy was the embodiment of the objective of US policy at that time: to stem negative historical reactions to American interventions and promote cohesion between the United States and other countries. Over the course of global war, American policy went from benevolence (through grants and loans) and mild aggression to open intimidation and â€Å"bullying.† As it amassed more power, the US discarded the good neighbor approach in Latin America and engaged in explicit and blatant acts of aggression by sponsoring coups and armed rebellions in Latin American countries like Nicaragua, Panama, Chile, and Cuba. US policy went from maintaining world peace through peaceful interventions to sparking conflicts using armed interventions that embodi ed the â€Å"new† America3. Domestic influences had a significant influence on US international policy. Isolationist factions maintained that countries and regimes that openly and strongly opposed US policy should be maligned and marooned so that they would adhere to the ‘rules.† It is during this time that the United States started employing sanctions as a tool for exercising its military and economic influence4. It is safe to say that isolationist views were the architects of America’s high affinity for sanctions from the 1960s onwards. The international views held that America should embrace all countries regardless of their affiliations and ideologies. The

Police officer essay Essay Example for Free

Police officer essay Essay Every person has his own dream or ambition in life. Someone wants to become a soldier, someone a doctor, some an engineer or a politician and so on. Some others aspire for the careers of authors, actors or singers. But my ambition is to become a police officer in my future life. In the drill class in my school, I was very serious, and always tried to follow and learn the rules of parade as perfectly as possible because I wanted to become a member of the police force. A police officer, as far as I know, has to be disciplined, honest and maintain the law and order in the society. He is also expected to possess an attitude of help and rescue towards the deserving cases with a selfless mind. When I grow and become a police officer, my motto will be to serve the society with an impartial attitude by saving the distressed persons and punishing the culprits. I will definitely try to infuse the sense of duty and an essence of discipline into the minds of the common man in the society. I promise not to misuse my power and soil my hands with the dust of corruption. I shall obey my superiors and give protection to my subordinate staff. That is how I shall try to prove myself as a perfect police officer. My father is a senior officer in the police force. He is an ideal example before my eyes. I want to follow his footsteps in my future life.

Advantages of Repeater in Networking

Advantages of Repeater in Networking Router: Routers are devices which connect two are more networks that use similar protocol. A router consists of hard ware and software. Routers operate at a network layer of O.S.I model. Routers use logical and physical address to connect two or more logically separate network. They make this connection by organizing the large network into logical network segment (some times small sub network or sub nets). Each of these sub nets is given a logical address. Data is grouped into packets or block of data. Advantages of Router: They use high level of intelligence to rout data.   Routers can also act as a bridge to handle non rout able protocols such as NetBEUI (Network Bios Extended User Interface) Disadvantages of Router: High level of intelligence takes more processing time which can affect performance Routers are very complicated which installation and maintenance difficult. 2) Gateways: Gateways are devices which connect two are more networks that use different protocols. They are similar in function to routes but they are more powerful and intelligent devices. A gateway can actually convert data so that network with an application on a computers on the other side of the gateway e.g a get way can receive email messages in one format in convert them into another format. Gateway can operate at all seven layer of OSI model. Since Gateway perform data conversion so they are slower in speed and very expensive devices. 3) Repeaters: Repeaters are used within network to extend the length of communication. Data process through transmission media in the farm of waves or signals. The transmission media weaken signals that move through it. The weakening of signal is called attenuation. If the data is to be transmitted beyond the maximum length of a communication media, signals have amplified. The devices that are used to amplify the signals are called repeaters. Repeaters work at the physical layer of OSI model. Repeaters are normally two ports boxes that connect two segments. As a signal comes in one port, it is regenerated and sends out to the other port. Advantages of Repeater: Repeaters easily extend the length of network. They require no processing over head, so very little if any performance degradation occurs. It can connect signals from the same network type that use different types of cables. Disadvantages of Repeaters: Repeaters cannot be used to connect segments of different network types. They cannot be used to segment traffic on a network to reduce congestion . Many types of network have a limit on the number of network s that can be used at once . 4) Bridges: Bridges are used to connect similar network segments. A bridge does not pass or signals it receives. When a bridge receives a signal, it determines its destination by looking at its destination and it sends the signals towards it. For example in an above figure a bridge has been used to join two network segments A AND B. When the bridge receives the signals it read address of both sender and receiver. If the sender is a computer in segment A and the receiver is also segment A, it would not pass the signals to the segments B. It will however pass signals if the sender is in one segment and the receiver in other segment. Bridge works at the data link layer of O.S.I model. Advantages of Bridges: Bridge extends network segments by connecting them together to make one logical network. They can affect the segment traffic between networks by filtering data if it does not need to pass. Like repeaters they can connect similar network types with different cabling. Disadvantages of Bridges:   Bridge possess information about the data they receive with can slow performance. 5) Hub: Hubs are basically multi ports repeaters for U.T.P cables. Some hubs have ports for other type of cable such as coaxial cable. Hubs range in size from four ports up to and for specific to the network types. These are some hubs which are I. Passive Hub II. Active Hub III. Switch/ Intelligent Hub Passive Hub: It provides no signal regeneration. They are simply cables connected together so that the signal is broken out to other nodes with out regeneration. These are not used often today because of loss of cable length that is allowed. Active Hub: It acts as repeaters and regenerates the data signals to all ports. They have no real intelligence to tell weather the signal needs to go to all ports that is blindly repeated. Switch Hub: Switches are multi ports bridges. They filter traffic between the ports on the switch by using the address of computers transmitting to them. Switches can be used when data performance is needed or when collision need to be reduce. Advantages of Hub Hubs need almost no configuration. Active hub can extend maximum network media distance. No processing is done at the hub to slow down performance Disadvantages of Hub   Passive hubs can greatly limit maximum media distance.   Hubs have no intelligence to filter traffic so all data is send out on all ports whether it is need or not. Since hubs can act as repeaters the network using them must follow the same rules as repeaters 6) Modem: The device that converts digital signals into analog signals and analog signals to digital signals is called Modem. The word modem stands for modulation and demodulation. The process of converting digital signals to analog signals is called modulation. The process of converting analog signals to digital signals is called demodulation. Modems are used with computers to transfer data from one computer to another computer through telephone lines. Modems have two connections these are. Analog connection   Digital connection Analog connection: The connection between the modem and the telephone line is called analog connection. Types of Modem THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF MODEMS Internal modem External modem Digital connection: The connection of modem to computer is called digital connection INTERNAL MODEM: It fits into expansion slots inside the computer. It is directly linked to the telephone lines through the telephone jack. It is normally less inexpensive than external modem. Its transmission speed is also less external modem. EXTERNAL MODEM: It is the external unit of computer and is connected to the computer through serial port. It is also linked to the telephone line through a telephone jack. External modems are expensive and have more operation features and high transmission speed. Advantages of Modem Inexpensive hardware and telephone lines. ii. Easy to setup and maintain. Disadvantages of Modem i. Very slow performance.

Essay on Biblical Imagery in King Lear -- King Lear essays

Biblical Imagery in Lear Had King Lear been exposed to Christian Scriptures, he may have learned the folly of his prideful demand that his daughters vocally profess their love.   The Scriptures clearly state that "if any tried to by love with their wealth, contempt is all they would get." (Sg 8:7) Of course, had King Lear read and abided by the Scriptures, we would be wanting of a great work of literature.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lear's situation closely fits the passage from the Song of Songs. In applying the passage to his story, we must analyze the argument presented in the passage. We see that the argument follows the Modus Ponens form, containing a premise and a conclusion that logically follows. The argument is valid due to its form. However, we must determine the truth of the premise and conclusion in order to determine whether the statement applies to Lear. First, let us consider the premise: "if any tried to buy love with their wealth." Lear poses this question to his three daughters: Which of you shall we say doth love us most That we may our largest bounty extend Where nature doth with merit challenge. (I,i, 56-58) This question clearly links the profession of love, which Lear naively supposes to indicate actual love, with the reception of the "several dowers." (I,i, 47) This is further borne out in Lear's rash disinheritance of loyal, but silent, Cordelia. Lear continues to connect love with property as he warns Cordelia "nothing will come of nothing." (I,i, 99) When she persists in her speech, he further cautions her to "mend your speech a little / lest you may mar your fortunes." (I,i, 103-14) Lear's speech and behavior certainly ma... ...yal characters, with the exception of Albany who was miles away in Scotland, are out in the storm while the wicked daughters, treacherous Edmund and their conspirators are safely dry within Gloucester's castle. Only those who pass through water and are touched by the spirit of love and right judgment are able to achieve happiness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   We now more fully see the rich imagery surrounding the love in King Lear. The passage from Song of Songs and the entire play of King Lear now combine to remind us of the enduring, free nature of true love and the dangers of relying on wealth to secure loyalty and affection. Shakespeare uses this theme elsewhere. Roderigo is unable to bribe Desdemona with his baubles. Neither is Duke Orsino able to woo the fair Countess Olivia with his prestige and wealth. Once again, we see that Shakespeare knew what he wrote.

Introduction to Psychology Reaction Paper Guidelines

Introduction to Psychology Reaction Paper Guidelines Definition of Genre: In a reaction or response paper, writers respond to one or more texts they have read. A popular assignment with instructors in the social sciences and humanities, such papers require students to understand each text individually and evaluate how well each accomplishes its own objectives. If you are responding to multiple texts, you must also discover how the texts relate to one another. (If responding to just one text, you might need to situate it within the larger context of class discussions, readings, etc. , depending on the prompt. A reaction paper may include a discussion of interesting questions that the readings raise for the student, but such a discussion is not sufficient by itself. Preparation: Writing good response papers is more demanding than it might appear at first. It is not simply a matter of reading the text, understanding it, and expressing an opinion about it. You must allow yourself enough time to be clear about what each text says and how the texts all relate to one another. In other words, response papers require you to synthesize the intellectual work of others—that is, bring it together into an integrated whole.In preparing to write response papers, therefore, it is crucial that you allow yourself not just enough time to do the readings but enough to digest what you have read and to put the results together into a unified account. ( h t t p : / / u w p . a a s . d u k e . e d u / w s t u d i o) Questions to ask while reading the article: Use the â€Å"Template for Analyzing the Logic of an Article. † The questions from the template do not necessary need to be answered in the paper. They are just questions you need to understand in order to comprehend the articles.Questions to ask while preparing to write your paper: Refer to â€Å"Universal Intellectual Standards† and â€Å"Questions Using the Elements of Thought. † Instructions for pap er formatting: For our purposes, we will be using APA format. You will not need an Abstract, but you will need the following sections listed below. Use the guidelines sent via e-mail or found on the APA web site (www. apa. org) for help. I highly recommend reviewing the APA information that was sent via e-mail and can be found on the course website under Resources: Links: APA Formatting & Plagiarism Links. Content: in margins, 12 point font, typed, double spaced, APA format, 3-8 pages of text, 1 Reference Page, and 1 Title Page. Address the questions in essay style, don’t just answer questions. Note: The longest sections of your paper will be the reaction and application sections. Paragraph(s) Requirements: You MUST include the following six bold items when submitting your paper. 1. Title Page- The first page of your paper must be an APA style title page. Use the guidelines found on the APA web site (www. apa. org) for help. 1. Summary- In 1-2 paragraphs, you are to summarize the material to which you are reacting.Make sure you state the title of the work and authors in the paper. Do not merely repeat the text. Should you feel the need to selectively use quotations from the material, put them in quotations and follow APA formatting. When paraphrasing the material (which is what you will be doing the majority of the paper,) you MUST include in-text citations. Although APA format may be new to many of you, you are familiar with MLA which also requires in-text citations when discussing the material. If you are citing material learned from lecture you will cite me as an interview: (R Shepherd, personal communication, August 15, 2009. Failure to cite your material correctly constitutes plagiarism and will result in a zero. Please refer to the Academic Integrity Form you signed at the beginning of the semester for the definitions and consequences of plagiarism. 2. Critique-In 2 paragraphs or more, you are to critically analyze the material you are reacting to . Note, critique does not mean simply saying something negative about the text. Your analysis should address issues such as one or more of the following: a) Does the writer present these ideas (the researcher) fairly or are they slanted? ) What are the strengths and weaknesses of the research provided in the article? c) What could be added to this material to make it better or more complete? When working on the critique section of your paper, you should use your knowledge of research methods learned at the beginning of the semester, as well as any material covered during class lecture that relates to the article being critiqued. 3. Reaction- Give your personal reaction to this material. This is your opportunity to express your opinion about the research.However, keep in mind that you are an introductory student and these researchers have been studying longer than you have been alive. Know the limits of your knowledge and state that if it’s necessary. Your reactions could incl ude any or all of these points: a. Why do you think this research was good/bad? b. Did you agree/disagree with the research? Why or why not? You must back up your claims with science and relevant material discussed in class. c. What did you find surprising about the article? 4. Application- How does this material relate to society/lecture material/psychology? What is the BIG picture?Explain in detail. What are the implications of this research being used in society? Is its application good, bad, or both? 5. Reference Section- While following APA guidelines, you are required to include a Reference section at the end of your Reaction Paper. You must cite at least the article in which you have read and any other sources you have referred to, including the textbook. If you fail to complete a Reference Section you are committing plagiarism and will receive a zero. Please refer to the Academic Integrity Form you signed at the beginning of the semester for the consequences of plagiarism.

Book Review: International Conflict Resolution Essay

The first chapter of the book talks about the peace-making and de-escalation strategies. It discusses the theoretical approaches of statism, pluralism and populism in reference to the international conflict. The author of the book convinces the reader that effective conflict resolution should make use of convincing power and positive sanctions. Therefore, he argues that win-win solutions are achievable in international conflict. In the second chapter the relation of US and USSR and cases of Middle East are used to observe the de-escalation efforts. The third chapter takes the example of US-USSR and Arab-Israel de-escalation activities to present some chronologies. Four de-escalation patterns are identified using these chronologies: frequency of initiatives, multiple de-escalation initiatives, and activity level of activity among conflicting countries. In chapter four the author explains the reasons of de-escalation activities and its timings. Factors such as domestic situation, international perspective, and associations between conflicting parties are the presented in this chapter. (Conflict Research Consortium Staff, 2010) Chapter five explains the process of initiating the process of negotiation. The author explores different initiatives and tells which ones are more effective for negotiations. The chapter brings into light the factors resulting in negotiations between conflicting parties. Chapter six explores the negotiation process completely. Kriesberg presents the example of US-USSR and Arab-Israel to analyze different negotiated agreements (Mitchell, 1996). Taking into account these examples, the author creates guidelines for effective negotiations. In chapter seven the author describes the consequences of negotiations. It identifies the effective negotiations leading to long-term de-escalation efforts. Chapter eights draws on the conclusion of peace making efforts. With the help of his findings, he concludes the way in which some countries improve their relations and others still remain conflicted. The last chapter analyzes the impacts of conflicts between nations. The author explains the cost that the countries have to bear and presents policies. In the end, the author comes up with the relationship between peace-making and de-escalation (Conflict Research Consortium Staff, 2010). This book is a comprehensive study of international conflict de-escalation process. With the use of chronologies and tables, the author makes the study more meaningful and easy to understand. It contributes to the study of international relations by presenting a conflict resolution perspective. The book addresses the issue which needs future consideration. Kriesberg’s work lacks theoretical implication but it is practical. International conflict resolution is pioneered in this work and brought it into consideration. The author presents his idea in a persuasive way and explains easily why some inflicts are protracted. The book provides some useful concepts to resolve conflicts and peace-making policies (Simon, 1994). However, book limits itself in providing propositions about the irreversible and complex processes. It raises some important issues like what are the conditions that result in de-escalation initiatives? In what conditions these initiatives leads to negotiations? And finally, how these negotiations results in agreements? The author is successfully able to answer these questions in an effective way (Holsti, 1993). Strengths and Weaknesses of the Book The book is a well organized and well-written by the author. It provides sound understanding of the arguments presented by the author. The unique feature of this book is that the author is able to identify the impacts of agreements. He is able to put forward the questions that are critical to international relations and are helpful in peace-making agreements. However, the methodology adopted in evaluating these questions is off-putting but comes up with some effective conclusions and future policies. Moreover, Kriesberg is not able to justify the causes of failed negotiations and some successful initiatives (Holsti, 1993). Hence, the book faces some validity issues. The analysis throughout the book is enriched by historical references and material representing opportunities and constraints, both in international and domestic context. The author emphasizes that good will and the positive attitude of the people is critical to negotiations. It encourages them and motivates them to work in the right direction and reaching some agreements. Therefore, the book is less controversial and is able to present a broader and positive view of the author. Another advantage of this book is that it provides references according to the context that helps in the better understanding of the arguments and provides the author an easy way to justify his reasoning. The historical material enhances the validity of the content presented in the book. The approach adopted by the author is to provide long lasting solutions to the problems, which is a more practical approach. Kriesberg in this book is able to provide approaches that are complete in nature as many authors have been providing approaches that do contribute a lot but are incomplete. Kriesberg has clearly presented the strengths and weaknesses of the concepts and approaches that he has used in the book. However, due to the use of just two major conflicts, the issue of comparison arises. The drawback of the book is that the language used in the book is difficult to understand by the reader, however, the content of the book is highly informative, providing insight into the subject. By dividing the book into number of chapters, the book is presented in a proper flow that makes the understanding much easier.

Ernest Hemingway’s novels Essay

Ernest Hemingway is an author well known for the common themes in his novels. In his style of writing, Hemingway is able to express the themes of the novel through strong character traits and actions. The common themes in Hemingway’s novel The Sun Also and A Farewell to Arms are death and loss. The characters in these novels, and many of Hemingway’s other novels, can relate to these themes. The novels The Sun Also Rises and A Farewell to Arms share many similarities. These of course include the themes of death and loss. The common themes are supported by the war setting in A Farewell to Arms and the post-war setting in The Sun Also Rises. Both novels take place in Europe approximately in the 1920s. Jake Barnes is the main character of The Sun Also Rises and he is struggling through life after having experienced some trauma during the war. Frederic Henry, the protagonist of A Farewell to Arms must make the choice of staying in the army or abandoning his fellow troops to be with his girlfriend. Both novels explore the hardships of love, war, and death.†The wound, the break from society, and the code are subjects of Hemingway’s work† (Young 6). These three events are critical in Hemingway’s novels The Sun Also and A Farewell to Arms. â€Å"The Wound† represents just that, a wound. It can be a physical, mental, or an emotional wound always occurring in the story’s protagonist. This relates to the theme of loss because the character’s wound is always a loss they suffer. The loss can be physical, for example if the character is injured and loses a body part (which is common in the war settings Hemingway typically uses). The loss can also be emotional, for example if the main character loses a loved one and becomes depressed. In The Sun Also Rises, Jake has been injured in the war and feels like less of a man because he is â€Å"physically unable to make love to a woman† (Magnum 4). This injury leaves Jake psychologically and morally lost. In A Farewell to Arms the main character, Frederic Henry, is wounded in his leg while serving in the war as an ambulance driver in Italy. Jake and Frederic’s mental and emotional conditions lead to the next part of the Hemingway code; the break from society. The break from society is the next key element in Hemingway’s work. This disassociation with society is a result of the main character’s injury or loss. The character will separate himself from society to cope with his loss. Jake’s life has become empty and he fills his time with drinking and dancing. Jake enjoys his life by â€Å"learning to get your money’s worth and knowing when you had it.† (Magnum 4) Another break from society is shown in the story â€Å"Big Two- Hearted River† by Hemingway. The main character, Nick Adams, has experienced a loss. â€Å"Death has occurred; not literal human death, but death of the land† (Magnum 3) which has been destroyed by fire. The fire has consumed and burned all the vegetation surrounding the home where Nick grew up. Nick suffers from the shock of the devastation to the land. He had recalled so many boyhood memories of hunting and fishing on the land where he grew up. Nick goes back into the wilderness on his own to get away form the pain he has suffered. A break from society is a key aspect in Hemingway’s work that adds to the common themes among his novels. The wound and the break from society lead up to the last key element, the â€Å"Hemingway Code† (Young 8). The code is what Hemingway uses in his novels to show how the character is dealing with the wound and the break from society. For example, in The Sun Also Rises, Jake is dealing with his loss by going out and spending his money on drinks and dancing because this is the only way he can enjoy himself. He cannot fall in love so this is what he does instead to fill the missing gap in his life. He also â€Å"gets his money’s worth† by sending pointless short telegrams to his friends, symbolizing his careless nature. A Farewell to Arms contains another example of the code. Frederic is searching for meaning in life while he is surrounded by death during the war. He chooses not to fill his life with religion or pleasure because these things are meaningless to him. Instead Frederic abandons the Italian Army to be with his girlfriend Catherine, whom he plans to marry. Loving Catherine is the only way Frederic can bring happiness to his life after facing the hardships of war. The subject’s of Hemingway’s work in A Farewell to Arms and The Sun Also Rises are similar, and can relate to the main themes of other works by Hemingway. The themes of death and loss apply to the characters of these  novels. Death occurs often during the wars which take place in both novels. Jake was wounded in a war, and Frederic is currently fighting in a war. Both have suffered a psychological loss which leaves them struggling to bring meaning to their lives. In Big Two Hearted River Nick suffers from the loss of the land. Hemingway has created all of these characters to show weaknesses which result from their losses. That is why each character suffers from the loss they experience. â€Å"Like Jake, Frederic Henry is wounded in the war and falls in love with a woman.†(Magnum 6). These characters suffer losses from the war and soon suffer losses in love. â€Å"We could have had such a damned good time together,† (Hemingway 115) Lady Ashley states afte r accepting that Jake will never be able to love her. Like Jake, Frederic loses his lover, â€Å"The arms to which Frederic must finally say farewell are those of Catherine, who dies in childbirth† ( Magnum 7) The major differences in the novels The Sun Also Rises and A Farewell to Arms do not occur in the themes of the novels but instead the character’s personalities and actions. For example Jake is considered the lost and hopeless character. He spends his time out and about with his friends touring the countryside, drinking, dancing and having a good time. He has lost all his morals and goes about freely without a care in the world. Hemingway had created Frederic as the complete opposite of Jake. He takes a stand for what he believes in and does what he thinks is right. Frederic is faced with, and overcomes, tough decisions during desperate war-filled times. Unlike Jake, he is rational and thinks out his decisions. Although theses characters have opposing personalities they will both encounter the same problem throughout the novels. Both Jake and Frederic experience hardships and internal conflict in The Sun Also and A Farewell to Arms. Jake is in conflict with himself over the love of a woman named Lady Brett Ashley. This is the woman Jake wants to fall in love with but he knows this will never be possible because of his war wound. Jake gives up his hope of finding love by introducing Lady Brett to one of his friends who she falls in love with and plans to marry. The marriage is broken off when a fight breaks out which is caused by Lady Brett’s desire to be romantic with several other men. â€Å"The novel ends right where it began,  with Brett and Jake trapped in hopeless love for each other,† (Nagel 108). Frederic’s internal conflict is similar to that of Jake’s. He is lost and confused over the love for his girlfriend, Catherine and his service in the military. After learning Catherine has become pregnant and his troops abandon him, Frederic makes the decision to desert the army and follow his heart. Frederic suffers from the most pain when Catherine dies giving birth. He realized that the love he shared, to try and bring meaning to his life, causes him even more pain when Catherine dies. The internal conflict of both Jake and Frederic leave them faced with tough decisions which affect the way they live ad love. Hemingway has used the character relationship of love and a setting with an atmosphere of war to build on his major themes. The characters were wounded in the war and suffer from the loss of loved ones. Death is used figuratively to describe the emotions and morality of Hemingway’s characters. Hemingway’s themes of death and loss are seen through his character portrayal in his novels. Work Cited Coleman, Janice. â€Å"Ernest Hemingway† The World Book Encyclopedia. Hartford, CT: Paddon Publishing, 1992. Hemingway, Ernest. A Farewell To Arms. New York, NY: Charles Scribners Sons, 1929. Hemingway, Ernest. The Sun Also Rises. New York, NY: Charles Scribners Sons, 1926. Magnum, Bryant. â€Å"Introduction to the Novels of Ernest Hemingway† Critical Survey Of Long Fiction. Salem Press Inc. 2000. Nagel, James. â€Å"Ernest Hemingway†. Dictionary of Literary Biography: Volume 9. New York: Gale Research Company, 1981. Stanton, William. 20th Century Novelists. Sacramento, CA: Bantum Books, 1984. Young, Phillip. â€Å"Ernest Hemingway† American Writers: A Collection of Literary Biographies. Volume II. New York: Charles Scribners Sons, 1974